A review of the Little Ice Age in Andalusia (Southern Spain): results and research challenges

F.S. Rodrigo

doi:10.18172/cig.3316

Authors

F.S. Rodrigo University of Almeria

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3316

Keywords:

Little Ice Age, climate variability, Andalusia, proxy data

Abstract

Andalusia (southern Spain) is a region of special climatic interest due to its geographical location, hydrological and orographical characteristics. In this work a summary of different approaches to study the Little Ice Age in this region is presented. From different proxy data (lake and marine sediments, geomorphological evidences, tree-rings, documentary data), it is possible to obtain the main characteristics of this climatic episode, with predominance of colder and wetter conditions than today and great variability. However, some uncertainties persist, related to the chronological limits of the LIA in the region, the variability of thermal and rainfall conditions, and different time resolution of various proxy data analysed. These problems are discussed and future research challenges are proposed.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alberola Romá, A. 2014. Los Cambios Climáticos. La Pequeña edad de Hielo en España. Cátedra, Madrid, 341 pp.

Anduaga Egaña, A. 2012. Meteorología, ideología y sociedad en la España comtemporánea. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, 450 pp .

Benito, G., Thorndycraft, V.R., Rico, M., Sánchez-Moya, Y., Sopeña, A. 2008. Palaeoflood and foodplain records from Spain: Evidence for long-time climate variability and environmental changes. Geomorphology 101, 68-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geomorph.2008.05.020.

Benito, G., Rico, M., Sánchez-Moya, Y., Sopeña, A., Thorndycraft, V.R., Barriendos, M. 2010. The impact of the late Holocene climatic variability and land use change on the flood hydrology of the Guadalentín River, southeast Spain. Global and Planetary Change 70, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2009.11.007.

Berg, A., Lintner, B.R., Findell, K., Seneviratne, S.I., Van den Hurk, B., Ducharne, A., Chéruy, F., Hagemann. S., Lawrence, D.M., Malyshev, S., Meier, A., Gentine, P. 2015. Interannual coupling between summertime surface temperature and precipitation over land: processes and implications for climate change. Journal of Climate 28, 1308- 1328. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00324.1.

Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., von Storch, H., Luterbacher, J. 2005. Historical climatology in Europe – the state of the art. Climatic Change 70 (3), 363-430. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-5924-1.

Brázdil, R., Demarée, G.R., Deutsch, M., Garnier, E., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Macdonald, N., Rohr, C., Dobrovolny, P., Kolár, P., Chromá, K. 2010. European floods during the winter 1783/1784: scenarios of an extreme event during the ‘Little Ice Age’. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 100, 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704- 009-0170-5.

Creus, J., Puigdefábregas, J. 1983. Climatología histórica y dendrocronología de Pinus nigra Arnold. In: Avances sobre Investigación en Bioclimatología, CSIC, Zaragoza, pp. 121-128.

Creus, J. 2000. Dendrocronología y dendroclimatología, o cómo los árboles nos cuentan el clima del pasado. In: J.C. García Codrón (Coord.), La Reconstrucción del clima de época preinstrumental, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, pp. 81-122.

Creus, J., Saz, M.A. 2005. Las precipitaciones de la época cálida en el sur de la provincia de Alicante desde 1550 a 1915. Revista de Historia Moderna 23, 35-48. https://doi.org/10.14198/ rhm2005.23.02.

Crowley, T.J. 2000. Causes of climate change over the past 1000 years. Science 289 (5477), 270- 277. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5477.270.

Déry, S.J., Wood, E.F. 2005. Observed twentieth century land surface air temperature and precipitation covariability. Geophysical Research Letters 32, L21414. https://doi. org/10.129/2005GL024234.

Domínguez-Castro, F., Vaquero, J.M., Rodrigo, F.S., Farrona, M.M., Gallego, M.C., García- Herrera, R., Barriendos, M., Sánchez-Lorenzo, A. 2014. Early Spanish Meteorological records (1780-1850). International Journal of Climatology 34 (3), 593-603. http://doi. org/10.1002/joc.3709.

Eddy, J.A. 1976. The Maunder Minimum. Science 192 (4245), 1189-1201. https://doi.org/10.1126/ science.192.4245.1189.

Fernández-Donado, L., González-Rouco, J.F., Raible, C.C., Ammann, C.M., Barriopedro, D., García-Bustamante, E., Jungclaus, J.H., Lorenz, S.J., Luterbacher, J., Phipps, S.J., Servonnat, J., Swingedouw, D., Tett, S.F.B., Wagner, S., Yiou, P., Zorita, E. 2013. Large-scale temperature response to external forcing in simulations and reconstructions of the last millennium. Climates of the Past 9, 393-421. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-393-2013.

Fernández-Montes, S., Rodrigo, F.S. 2012. Trends in seasonal indices of daily temperature extremes in the Iberian Peninsula, 1929-2005. International Journal of Climatology 32 (15), 2320-2332. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3399.

Fernández-Montes, S., Seubert, S., Rodrigo, F.S., Hertig, E. 2012. Wintertime circulation types over the Iberian Peninsula: long-term variability and relationships with weather extremes. Climate Research 53, 205-227. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr01095.

Fernández-Montes, S., Gómez-Navarro, J.J., Rodrigo, F.S., García-Valero, J.A., Montávez, J.P. 2017. Covariability of seasonal temperature and precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula in high-resolution climate simulations (1001-2099). Global and Planetary Change 151, 122- 133. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.09.007.

Fletcher, W.J., Zielhofer, C. 2013. Fragility of Western Mediterranean landscapes during Holocene Rapid Climate Changes. Catena 103, 16-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2001.05.001.

Giorgi, F. 2006. Climate change hot-spots. Geophysical Research Letters 33, L08707. http://doi. org/10.1029/2006GL025734.

Gómez-Navarro, J.J., Montávez, J.P., Jerez, S., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Lorente-Plazas, R., González- Rouco, J. F., Zorita, E. 2011. A regional climate simulation over the Iberian Peninsula for the last millennium, Climate of the Past 7, 451-472. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-451-2011.

Gómez-Navarro, J.J., Montávez, J.P., Jiménez-Guerrero, P., Jerez, S., Lorente-Plazas, R., González- Rouco, J.F., Zorita, E. 2012. Internal and external variability in regional simulations of the Iberian Peninsula climate over the last millennium, Climate of the Past 8, 25-36. https://doi. org/10.5194/cp-8-25-2012.

Gómez-Ortiz, A., Oliva, M., Palacios, D., Salvador-Franch, F., Vázquez-Selem, L., Salvá- Catarineu, M., de Andrés, N. 2012a. The deglaciation of Sierra Nevada (Spain), synthesis of the knowledge and new contributions. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica, 41 (2), 409-426. http://doi.org/10.18172/cig.2722.

Gómez-Ortiz, A., Palacios, D., Palade, B., Vázquez-Selem, L., Salvador-Franch, F. 2012b. The deglaciation of the Sierra Nevada (Southern Spain). Geomorphology 159-160, 93-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.03.008.

González-Rouco, J.F., Zorita, E., 2011. A regional climate simulation over the Iberian Peninsula for the last millennium. Climate of the Past 7, 451-472. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-451- 2011.

González-Trueba, J.J., Martín Moreno, R., Martínez de Pisón, E., Serrano, E. 2008. ‘Little Ice Age’ glaciation and current glaciers in the Iberian Peninsula. The Holocene 18 (4), 551-568. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608089209.

Goodess, C., Jones, P.D. 2002. Links between circulation and changes in the characteristics of Iberian rainfall. International Journal of Climatology 22 (13), 1593-1615. http://doi. org/10.1002/joc.810.

Granados Páez, D. 2011. Dendroclimatología isotópica en el Sur de la Península Ibérica: Implicaciones paleoclimáticas y paleohidrológicas. Ph. D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 203 pp.

Jones P.D., Bradley, R.S. 1992. Climatic variations over the last 500 years. In: R.S. Bradley, P.D. Jones (Eds.), Climate since A.D. 1500, Routledge, London, pp. 649-665. http://www.geo. umass.edu/faculty/bradley/jones1992b.pdf.

Jones, P.D., Briffa, K.R., Osborn, T.J., Lough, J.M., van Ommen, T.D., Vinther, B.M., Luterbacher, J., Wahl, E.R., Zwiers, F.W., Mann, M.E., Schmidt, G.A., Ammann, C.M., Buckley, B.M., Cobb, K.M., Esper, J., Goosse, H., Graham, N., Jansen, E., Kiefer, T., Kull, C., Küttel, M., Mosley-Thompson, E., Overpeck, J.T., Riedwyl, N., Schulz, M., Tudhope, A.W., Villalba, R., Wanner, H., Wolff, E., Xoplaki, E. 2009. High-resolution palaeoclimatology of the last millennium: a review of current status and future prospects. The Holocene 19 (1), 3-49. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683608098952.

Klein-Tank, A.M.G, Wijngaard, J.B., Können, G.P., Böhm, R., Demarée, G., Gocheva, A., Mileta, M., Pashiardis, S., Hejkrlik, L., Kern-Hansen, C., Heino, R., Bessemoulin, P., Müller- Westermeier, G., Tzanakou, M., Szalai, S., Pálsdóttir, T., Fitzgerald, D., Rubin, S., Capaldo, M., Maugeri, M., Leitass, A., Bukantis, A., Aberfeld, R., van Engelen, A.F.V., Forland, E., Mietus, M., Coelho, F., Mares, C., Razuvaev, V., Nieplova, E., Cegnar, T., López, J.A., Dahlström, B., Moberg, A., Kirchhofer, W., Ceylan, A., Pachaliuk, O., Alexander, L.V., Petrovic, P. 2002. Daily dataset of 20th-century surface air temperature and precipitation series for the European climate assessment. International Journal of Climatology 22 (12), 1441-1453. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.773.

Le Roy Ladurie, E. 2004. Histoire humaine et comparée du climat. Canicules et glaciers XIIIème– XVIIIème siècles, Editions Fayard, París, 740 pp.

Luterbacher, J., Rickli, R., Tinguely, C., Xoplaki, E., Schüpbach, E., Dietrich, D., Hüsler, J., Ambühl, M., Pfister, C., Beeli, P., Dietrich, U., Dannecker, A., Davies, T.D., Jones, P.D., Slonosky, V., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Maheras, P., Kolyva-Machera, F., Martín-Vide, J., Barriendos, M., Alcoforado, M.J., Nunes, M.F., Jonsson, T., Glaser, R., Jacobeit, J., Beck, C., Philipp, A., Beyer, U., Kaas, E., Schmith, T., Bärring, L., Jönsson, P., Rácz, L., Wanner, H. 2000. Monthly mean pressure reconstruction for the Late Maunder Minimum period (AD 1675- 1715). International Journal of Climatology 20 (10), 1049-1066. https://doi.org/10.1002/ joc521.

Luterbacher, J., Xoplaki, E., Dietrich, D., Jones, P.D., Davies, T.D., Portis, D., González-Rouco, J.F., von Storch, H., Gyalistras, D., Casty, C., Wanner, H. 2002. Extending North Atlantic Oscillation reconstructions back to 1500. Atmospheric Science Letters 2 (1-4), 114-124. https://doi.org/10.1006/asle.2001.0044.

Machado, M.J., Benito, G., Barriendos, M., Rodrigo, F.S. 2011. 500 years of rainfall variability and extreme hydrological events in southeastern Spain drylands. Journal of Arid Environments 75 (12), 1244-1253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.02.002.

Mann, M.E. 2002. Little Ice Age Vol I. The Earth system: physical and chemical dimensions of global environmental change. In: M. MacCracken, J.S. Perry (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of global environmental change, Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Oxford, pp. 504-509.

Manrique, E., Fernández-Cancio, A. 2000. Extreme climatic events in dendroclimatic reconstructions from Spain. Climatic Change 44 (1-2), 123-138.

Martín-Puertas, C., Valero-Garcés, B.L., Mata, M.P., González-Samperiz, P., Bao, R., Moreno, A., Stefanova, V. 2008. Arid and humid phases in southern Spain during the last 4000 years: the Zoñar Lake record, Córdoba. The Holocene 18 (6), 907-921. https://doi. org/10.1177/0959683608093533.

Martín-Puertas, C., Jiménez-Espejo, F.J., Martínez-Ruiz, F., Nieto-Moreno, V., Rodrigo, M., Mata, M.P., Valero-Garcés, B.L. 2010. Late Holocene climate variability in the southwestern Mediterranean region: an integrated marine and terrestrial geochemical approach. Climate of the Past 6, 807-816. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-6-807-2010.

Martín-Puertas, C., Valero-Garcés, B.L., Mata, M.P., Moreno, A., Giralt, S., Martínez-Ruiz, F., Jiménez-Espejo, F.J. 2011. Geochemical processes in a Mediterranean Lake: a high-resolution study of the last 4000 years in Zoñar Lake, southern Spain. Journal of Paleolimnology 46 (3), 405-421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-009-9373-0.

Martín-Vide, J. 2007. Presentación. In: A. Sousa, L. García-Barrón, V. Jurado (Eds.), El cambio climático en Andalucía: evolución y consecuencias medioambientales. Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, pp. 7-11.

Martín-Vide, J., Olcina-Cantos, J. 2001. Climas y tiempos de España. Alianza Editorial, Madrid.

Muñoz-Díaz, D., Rodrigo, F.S. 2003. Effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the probability for climatic categories of local monthly rainfall in southern Spain. International Journal of Climatology 23, 381-397. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.886.

Muñoz-Díaz, D., Rodrigo, F.S. 2004. Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation on the probability of dry and wet winters in Spain. Climate Research 27 (1), 33-43. https://doi. org/10.3354/cr027033.

Nieto-Moreno,V., Martinez-Ruiz, F., Giralt, S., Gallego-Torres, D., García-Orellana, J., Masqué, P., Ortega-Huertas, M. 2013. Climate imprints during the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ and the ‘Little Ice Age’ in marine records from the Alboran Sea basin. The Holocene 23 (9), 1227-1237. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683613484613.

Nicault, A., Alleaume, S., Brewer, S., Carrer, M., Nola, P., Guiot, J. 2008. Mediterranean drought fluctuation during the last 500 years based on tree-ring data. Climate Dynamics 31 (2-3), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0349-3.

Oliva, M., Schulte, L., Gómez-Ortiz, A. 2011. The role of arification in constrainting the elevation range of Holocene solifluction processes and associated landforms in the periglacial belt of the Sierra Nevada (southern Spain). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36 (10), 1279-1291. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.2116.

Oliva, M., Gómez-Ortiz, A. 2012. Late-Holocene environmental dynamics and climate variability in a Mediterranean high mountain environment (Sierra Nevada, Spain) inferred from lake sediments and historical sources. The Holocene 22 (8), 915-927. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611434235.

Oliva, M., Gómez-Ortiz, A., Palacios, D., Salvador-Franch, F., Salva-Catarineu, M. 2014. Environmental evolution in Sierra Nevada (South Spain) since the Last Glaciation, based on multi-proxy records. Quaternary International 353, 195-209. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.02.009.

Oliva, M., Serrano, E., Gómez-Ortiz, A., González-Amuchástegui, M.J., Nieuwendam, A., Palacios, D., Pérez-Alberti, A., Pellitero-Ondicol, R., Ruiz-Fernández, J., Valcárcel, M., Vieira, G., Antoniades, D. 2016. Spatial and temporal variability of periglaciation of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary Science Reviews 137, 176-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. quascirev.2016.02.017.

Parker, G. 2013. Global Crisis: War, climate change and catastrophe in the seventeenth century. Yale University Press, London, 904 pp.

Pauling, A., Luterbacher, J., Casty, C., Wanner, H. 2006. Five hundred years of gridded high-resolution precipitation reconstructions over Europe and the connection to large-scale circulation. Climate Dynamics 26 (4), 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005- 0090-8.

Power, S., Tsitkin, F., Torok, S., Lavery, B., Dahni, R., McAvaney, B. 1998. Australian temperature, Australian rainfall and the Southern Oscillation, 1910-1992: coherent variability and recent changes. Australian Meteorological Magazine 47 (2), 85-101.

Qian, B., Corte-real, J., Xu, H. 2000. Is the North Atlantic Oscillation the most important atmospheric pattern for precipitation in Europe? Journal of Geophysical Research 105 (D9), 11.901-11.910. http://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900102.

Ramos-Román, M.J., Jiménez-Moreno, G., Anderson, R.S., García-Alix, A., Toney, J.L., Jiménez-Espejo, F.J., Carrión, J.S. 2016. Centennial-scale vegetation and North Atlantic Oscillation changes during the Late Holocene in the southern Iberia. Quaternary Science Reviews 143, 84-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.007.

Rodrigo, F.S., Esteban-Parra, M.J., Pozo-Vázquez, D., Castro-Díez, Y. 1999. A 500-year precipitation record in southern Spain. International Journal of Climatology 19 (11), 1233-1253. http://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199909)19:11<1233::AID-JOC413>3.0.CO;2-L.

Rodrigo, F.S., Esteban-Parra, M.J., Pozo-Vázquez, D., Castro-Díez, Y. 2000. Rainfall variability in southern Spain on decadal to centennial time scales. International Journal of Climatology 20, 721-732. http://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20000615)20:7<721::AID-JOC520>3.0.CO;2-Q.

Rodrigo, F.S., Pozo-Vázquez, D., Esteban-Parra, M.J., Castro-Díez, Y. 2001. A reconstruction of the winter North Atlantic Oscillation index back to A.D. 1501 using documentary data in southern Spain. Journal of Geophysical Research 106 (D14), 14805-14818. https:// doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900728.

Rodrigo, F.S. 2007. El clima de Andalucía a través de los registros históricos. In: A. Sousa, L. García-Barrón, V. Jurado (Eds.), El cambio climático en Andalucía: evolución y consecuencias medioambientales. Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla, pp. 25-41. https://www.juntadeandalucia.es/medioambiente/web/Bloques_ Tematicos/Publicaciones_Divulgacion_Y_Noticias/Documentos_Tecnicos/climate_ change/documento_completo.pdf.

Rodrigo, F.S., Barriendos, M. 2008. Reconstruction of seasonal and annual rainfall variability in the Iberian Peninsula (16th-20th centuries) from documentary data. Global and Planetary Change 63 (2-3), 243-257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j,gloplacha.2007.09.004.

Rodrigo, F.S., Gómez-Navarro, J.J., Montávez-Gómez, J.P. 2012. Climate variability in Andalusia (southern Spain) during the period 1701-1850 based on documentary sources: evaluation and comparison with climate model simulations. Climate of the Past 8 (1), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-8-117-2012.

Rodríguez-Puebla, C., Encinas, A.H., García-Casado, L.A., Nieto, S. 2010. Trends in warm days and cold nights over the Iberian Peninsula: relationships to large-scale variables. Climatic Change 100 (3-4), 667-684. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-009-9721-0.

Sánchez Rodrigo, F. 2016. Afecciones meteorológicas: Medicina y Meteorología en Andalucía, 1754-1852. Obradoiro de Historia Moderna 25, 95-113. http://doi.org/10.15304/ ohm.25.2944.

Schulte, L. 2002. Climatic and human influence on river systems and glacier fluctuations in southeast Spain since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary International 93-94, 85-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(02)00008-3.

Sousa, L., García-Murillo, P. 2003. Changes in the wetlands of Andalusia (Doñana Natural Park, SW Spain) at the end of the Little Ice Age. Climatic Change 58 (1-2), 193-217. https://doi. org/10.1023/A:1023421202961.

Sousa, L., Morales, J., García-Barrón, L., García-Murillo, P. 2013. Changes in the Erica ciliaris Loefl. Ex L. peat bogs of southwestern Europe from the 17th to the 20th centuries AD. The Holocene 23 (2), 255-269. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612455545.

Sousa, A., García-Barrón, L., García-Murillo, P., Vetter, M., Morales, J. 2015. The use of changes in small coastal Atlantic brooks in southwestern Europe as indicators of anthropogenic and climatic impacts over the last 400 years. Journal of Paleolimnology 53 (1), 73-88. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10933-014-9809-z.

Sumner, G., Homar, V., Ramis, C. 2001. Precipitation seasonality in eastern and southern coastal Spain. International Journal of Climatology 21 (2), 219-247. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.600.

Thorndrycraft, V.R., Benito, G. 2006. The Holocene fluvial chronology of Spain: evidence from a newly compiled radiocarbon database. Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (3-4), 223-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.003.

Trenberth, K.E. 2011. Changes in precipitation with climate change. Climate Research 47 (1-2), 123-138. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00953.

Trigo, R.M., Pozo-Vázquez, D., Osborn, T.J., Castro-Díez, Y., Gámis-Fortis, S., Esteban-Parra, M.J. 2004. North Atlantic Oscillation influence on precipitation, river flow and water resources in the Iberian Peninsula. International Journal of Climatology 24 (8), 925-944. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1048.

Trigo, R.M., Vaquero, J.M., Alcoforado, M.J., Barriendos, M., Taborda, J., García-Herrera, R., Luterbacher, J. 2009. Iberia in 1816, the year without summer. International Journal of Climatology 29 (1), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1693.

Trouet, V., Esper, J., Graham, N.E., Baker, A., Scourse, J.D., Frank, D.C. 2009. Persistent Positive North Atlantic Oscillation mode dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Science 324 (5923), 78-80. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1166349.

Uribelarrea, D., Benito, G. 2008. Fluvial changes of the Guadalquivir River during the Holocene in Córdoba (Southern Spain). Geomorphology 100, 14-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geomorph.2007.04.037.

Valero-Garcés, B.L., González-Samperiz, P., Navas, A., Machin, J., Mata, P., Delgado-Huertas, A., Bao, R., Moreno, A., Carrión, J.S., Schwalb, A., González-Barrios, A. 2006. Human impact since medieval times and recent ecological restoration in a Mediterranean Lake: the Laguna Zoñar, southern Spain. Journal of Paleolimnology 35 (3), 441-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10933-005-1995-2.

Von Storch, H., Zorita, E., Jones, J.M., Dimitriev, Y., González-Rouco, F., Tett, S.F.B. 2004. Reconstructing past climate from noisy data. Science 306 (5696), 679-682. https://doi. org/10.1126/science.1096109.

Wagner, S., Zorita, E. 2005. The influence of volcanic, solar, and CO2 forcing on the temperature in the Dalton Minimum (1790-1830): a model study. Climate Dynamics 25 (2-3), 205-218. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0029-0.

Wolf, D., Seim, A., Faus, D. 2014. Fluvial system response to external forcing and human impact- Late Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial dynamics of the lower Guadalete River in western Andalucia (Spain). Boreas 43 (2), 422-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/bor.12044.

Zorita, E., Kharin, V., von Storch, H. 1992. The atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic area in winter: their interaction and relevance for Iberian precipitation. Journal of Climate 5, 1097-1108. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<1097:TAC ASS>2.0.CO;2.