When the weather turned bad. The research of climate impacts on society and economy during the Little Ice Age in Europe. An overview

Authors

  • Ch. Camenisch Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Institute of History, Department of Economic, Social and Environmental History (WSU), University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 49, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
  • Ch. Rohr Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Institute of History, Department of Economic, Social and Environmental History (WSU), University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 49, 3012 Bern, Switzerland

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3395

Keywords:

historical climatology, social history, economic history, Middle Ages, early Modern period, Little Ice Age

Abstract

This paper focusses on historical climate impact research, one of the branches of historical climatology with an emphasis on the Little Ice Age. It provides examples of the theoretical concepts, models, and further structuring considerations that are used in historical climate impact research, which are especially fitting to the examined period. We distinguish between the impact of climate on society by time-scale in long-term, conjunctural or medium-term, and short-term impacts. Moreover, a simplified climate-society interaction model developed by Daniel Krämer is presented, as well as the concept of the Little Ice Age-type Impact (LIATIMP) by Christian Pfister and the vulnerability concept regarding climatic variability and extreme weather events. Furthermore, the paper includes a state-of-the-art application of the historical climate impact research and discussion of research gaps.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Adger, N. 2006. Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change 16, 268-281. http://doi.org/10.1016/j. gloenvcha.2006.02.006.

Anderson, J.L. 1981. History and climate. Some economic models. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and history. studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 337-355.

Appleby, A.B. 1981. Epidemics and famine in the Little Ice Age. In: R.I. Rotberg, T.K. Rabb (Eds.), Climate and History. Studies in Interdisciplinary History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 63-83. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854103.63.

Barriendos, M. 1997. Climatic variations in the Iberian Peninsula during the Late Maunder Minimum (AD 1675–1715). An analysis of data from rogation ceremonies. The Holocene 7 (1), 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1177/09596836900700110.

Barriendos, M. 2005. Climate and culture in Spain. Religious responses to extreme climatic events in the Hispanic kingdoms (16th–19th centuries). In: W. Behringer, H. Lehmann, C. Pfister (Eds.), Kulturelle Konsequenzen der “Kleinen Eiszeit”/Cultural consequences of the “Little Ice Age”. Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 212. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, pp. 379-414.

Bauch, M. 2016. Der Regen, das Korn und das Salz: die Madonna di San Luca und das Wettermirakel von 1433. Eine klimahistorische Fallstudie zu Bologna und Italien in den 1430er Jahren. Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 95, 183-212. https:// doi.org/10.1515/qfiab-2015-0008.

Bauernfeind, W. 1993. Materielle Grundstrukturen im Spätmittelalter und der Frühen Neuzeit. Preisentwicklung und Agrarkonjunktur am Nürnberger Getreidemarkt von 1339 bis 1670, Nürnberger Werkstücke zur Stadt- und Landesgeschichte 50. Stadtarchiv, Nürnberg, 544 pp. https://doi.org/10.1006/exeh.1996.0025

Bauernfeind, W., Reutter, M., Woitek, U. 2001. Rational investment behaviour and seasonality in early modern grain prices. European Review of Economic History 5 (2), 281-298.108

Bauernfeind, W., Woitek, U. 1996. Agrarian cycles in Germany 1339–1670: A spectral analysis of grain prices and output in Nuremberg. Explorations in Economic History 33 (4), 459-478.

Behringer, W. 1995. Weather, hunger and fear. Origins of the European witch-hunts in Climate, Society and Mentality. German History 13 (1), 1-27.

Behringer, W. 1999. Climatic change and witch-hunting. The impact of the Little Ice Age on mentalities. Climatic Change 43 (1), Special issue: Climatic variability in sixteenth century Europe and its social dimension, C. Pfister, R. Brázdil, R. Glaser (Eds.), pp. 335-351.

Behringer, W. 2004. Witches and witch-hunts: A global history. Polity Press, Cambridge, 360 pp.

Behringer, W. 2010. A Cultural history of climate. Polity Press, Cambridge, 295 pp.

Behringer, W. 2015. Tambora und das Jahr ohne Sommer. Wie ein Vulkan die Welt in die Krise stürzte. Beck, München, 398 pp. https://doi.org/10.17104/9783406676161.

Behringer, W., Lehmann, H., Pfister, C. (Eds.). 2005. Kulturelle Konsequenzen der “Kleinen Eiszeit”/Cultural consequences of the “Little Ice Age“. Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck- Instituts für Geschichte 212. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 514 pp.

Beveridge, W.H. 1921. Weather and harvest cycles. The Economic Journal 31, pp. 429-452. https:// doi.org/10.2307/2223074.

Beveridge, W.H. 1922. Wheat prices and rainfall in Western Europe. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 85 (3), 412-475. https://doi.org/10.2307/2341183.

Bourke, A. 1984. The impact of climatic fluctuations on agriculture. In: H. Flohn, R. Fantechi (Eds.), The climate of Europe – Past, present and future. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 269-314.

Bowden, P. 1967. Agricultural prices, farm profits, and rents. In: J. Thirsk (Ed.), The agrarian history of England and Wales, vol. 4, 1500-1640. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 593-695.

Bracher, C. 2016. Die vorindustrielle Alpwirtschaft im Oberwallis aus klima- und wirtschaftshistorischer Perspektive. Eine Fallstudie aus dem Binntal und Simplongebiet 1770-1835. Blätter aus der Walliser Geschichte 48, 1-183.

Brandon, P.F. 1971. Late-Medieval weather in Sussex and its agricultural significance. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 54, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.2307/621358.

Braudel, F. 1949. Le Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à L’époque de Philippe II. Armand Colin, Paris, 1160 pp.

Braudel, F. 1979. Civilisation matérielle, économie et capitalisme. XVe–XVIIIe siècle, 3 vol. Colin, Paris 1979.

Brázdil, R., Demarée, G.R., Deutsch, M., Garnier, E., Kiss, A., Luterbacher, J., Macdonald, N., Rohr, C., Dobrovolný, P., Kolář, P., Chromá, K. 2010. European floods during the winter 1783/1784: Scenarios of an extreme event during the “Little Ice Age”. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 100, 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0170-5.

Brázdil, R., Kotyza, K., Dobrovolný, P., Řezníčková, L., Valášek, H. 2013. Climate of the sixteenth century in the Czech lands. Masaryk University, Brno, 285 pp.

Brázdil, R., Pfister, C., Wanner, H., von Storch, H., Luterbacher, J. 2005. Historical climatology in Europe – The state of the art. Climatic Change 70, 363-430, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584- 005-5924-1.

Brönnimann, S., Krämer, D. 2016. Tambora and the “year without a summer” of 1816. A perspective on Earth and human systems science. Geographica Bernensia G90, 48 pp. http:// doi.org/10.4480/GB2016.G90.01.

Camenisch, C. 2015. Endlose Kälte. Witterungsverlauf und Getreidepreise in den Burgundischen Niederlanden im 15. Jahrhundert, Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltgeschichte (WSU) 5. Schwabe, Basel, 523 pp. https://doi.org/10.26530/OAPEN_587970.

Camenisch, C., Keller, K.M., Salvisberg, M., Amann, B., Bauch, M., Blumer, S., Brázdil, R., Brönnimann, S., Büntgen, U., Campbell, B.M.S., Fernández-Donado, L., Glaser, R., 109

González-Rouco, F., Grosjean, M., Hoffmann, R.C., Huhtamaa, H., Joos, F., Kiss, A., Kotyza, O., Lehner, F., Luterbacher, J., Maughan, N., Neukom, R., Novy, T., Pribyl, K., Raible, C.C., Riemann, D., Schuh, M., Slavin, P., Wetter, O. 2016. The 1430s: A cold period of extraordinary internal climate variability during the early Spörer Minimum with social and economic impacts in North-western and Central Europe. Climate of the Past 12, 2107-2126. http://doi.org/10.5194/cp-12-2107–2016.

Campbell, B.M.S. 2009. Four famines and a pestilence: Harvest, price, and wage variations in England, 13th to 19th centuries. In: B. Liljewall, I.A. Flygare, U. Lange, L. Ljunggren, J. Söderberg (Eds.), Agrarhistoria på många sätt; 28 studier om manniskan och jorden. Festskrift till Janken Myrdal på hans 60-årsdag. Agrarian history many ways: 28 studies on humans and the land, Festschrift to Janke Myrdal 2009. KSLAB, Stockholm, Sweden, pp. 23-56.

Campbell, B.M.S. 2016. The great transition: Climate, disease and society in the late-medieval world. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 485 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/ CBO9781139031110.

Collet, D. 2012. “Vulnerabilität” als Brückenkonzept der Hungerforschung. In: D. Collet, T. Lassen, A. Schanbacher (Eds.) Handeln in Hungerkrisen. Neue Perspektiven auf Soziale und Klimatische Vulnerabilität. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, pp. 13-25.

Collet, D., Lassen, T., Schanbacher, A. (Eds.). 2012. Handeln in Hungerkrisen. Neue Perspektiven auf soziale und klimatische Vulnerabilität. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, 245 pp.

Collet, D., Schuh, M. 2018. Famines during the “Little Ice Age” (1300-1800). Socionatural Entanglements in Premodern Societies. Springer, Berlin (forthcoming).

Curtis, D.R. 2014. Coping with crisis: The resilience and vulnerability of pre-industrial settlements. Ashgate Publishing, Burlington, 381 pp.

D’Arcy Wood, G. 2014. Tambora. The eruption that changed the world. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 293 pp.

De Kraker, A.M.J. 2000. Storm surges, high tides and storms as extreme weather events, their impact on the coastal zone of the North Sea and the human response, 1350 to 2000. In: B. Obrebska-Starkel (Ed.), Reconstructions of climate and its modelling. Millennium images and reconstructions of weather and climate over the last Millennium. Prace Geograficzne 107. Institut of Geography of the Jagiellonian University, Crakow, pp. 85-101.

De Kraker, A.M.J. 2002. Historic storms in the North Sea area, an assessment of the storm data, the present position of research and the prospects for future research. In: G. Wefer, W. Berger, K.-E. Behre, E. Jansen (Eds.), Climate development and history of the North Sea realm. Springer, Berlin, pp. 415-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04965-5_27.

De Kraker, A.M.J. 2005. Reconstruction of storm frequency in the North Sea area of the pre-industrial period, 1400-1625 and the connection with reconstructed time series of temperatures. History of Meteorology 2, Special issue: Diversity in the global reconstruction and representation of weather and climate: east, south, west, north. Selected Papers from the ICHM Symposium at the International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, China, July 2005, L.K. McNally III, C. Rohr (Eds.), pp. 51-69, http://www.meteohistory. org/2005historyofmeteorology2/05dekraker.pdf.

De Vries, J. 1980. Measuring the impact of climate on history: The search for appropriate methodologies. The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 10 (4), 599-630. https://doi. org/10.2307/203061.

De Vries, J. 1981. Measuring the impact of climate on history. The search for appropriate methodologies. In: R.I. Rotberg, T.K. Rabb (Eds.), Climate and history. Studies in interdisciplinary history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 19-50 (originally published as de Vries, 1980).110

De Vries, J. 1985. Analysis of historical climate-society interaction. In: R.W. Kates, J.H. Ausubel, M. Berberian (Eds.), Climate impact assessment. Studies of the interaction of climate and society. Scope 27, John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 273-291.

Engler, S. 2012. Hungersnot – Bekannte Theorien und neue Analysemodelle. In: D. Collet, T. Lassen, A. Schanbacher (Eds.), Handeln in Hungerkrisen. Neue Perspektiven auf soziale und klimatische Vulnerabilität. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, pp. 67-83.

Fagan, B. 2000. The Little Ice Age. How climate made history 1300-1850. Basic Book, New York, 246 pp.

Flohn, H. 1981. Short-term climatic fluctuations and their economic role. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 310-318.

Flückiger, S., Brönnimann, S., Holzkämper, A., Fuhrer, J., Krämer, D., Pfister, C., Rohr, C. 2017. Simulating crop yield losses in Switzerland for historical and present Tambora climate scenarios. Environmental Research Letters 12 (7). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ aa7246.

Franzén, B., Söderberg, J. 2006. Svenska Spannmålspriser Under Medeltiden I ett Europeiskt Perspektiv. Historisk Tidskrift 126 (2), 189-214.

Füssel, H.-M. 2007. Vulnerability: A generally applicable conceptual framework for climate change research. Global Environmental Change 17 (2), 155-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. gloenvcha.2006.05.002.

Füssel, H.-M., Klein, R.T. 2006. Climate change vulnerability assessments: An evolution of conceptual thinking. Climatic Change 75, 301-329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006- 0329-3.

Glaser, R. 2013. Klimageschichte Mitteleuropas. 1200 Jahre Wetter, Klima, Katastrophen. Mit Prognosen für das 21. Jahrhundert. Primus, Darmstadt, 264 pp.

Grove, J.M. 1988. The Little Ice Age. Methuen, London, 498 pp. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203402863.

Hoffmann, R.C. 2014. An environmental history of Medieval Europe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 409 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139050937.

Huhtamaa, H. 2015. Climatic anomalies, food systems, and subsistence crises in Medieval Novgorod and Ladoga. Scandinavian Journal of History 40 (4), 562-590. https://doi.org/10. 1080/03468755.2015.1063081.

Huhtamaa, H., Helama, S. 2017. Reconstructing crop yield variability in Finland: Long-term perspective of the cultivation history on the agricultural periphery since ad 760. The Holocene 27 (1), 3-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683616646188.

Ingram, M.J., Farmer, G., Wigley, T.M.L. 1981. Past climates and their impact on man: A review. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 3-50.

Jakubowski-Tiessen, M. 1992. Sturmflut 1717. Die Bewältigung einer Naturkatastrophe in der Frühen Neuzeit, Ancien Régime, Aufklärung und Revolution 24. Oldenbourg, Münschen, 350 pp.

Jakubowski-Tiessen, M., Lehmann, H. (Eds.). 2003. Um Himmels Willen: Religion in Katastrophenzeiten. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 538 pp.

Jordan, W.C. 1998. The Great Famine. Northern Europe in the early fourteenth century. Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Jörg, C. 2008. Teure, Hunger, Großes Sterben. Hungersnöte und Versorgungskrisen in den Städten des Reiches während des 15. Jahrhunderts, Monographien zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 55, Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart, 464 pp.111

Kates, R.W. 1985. The interaction of climate and society. In: R.W. Kates, J.H. Ausubel, M. Berberian (Eds.), Climate impact assessment. Studies of the interaction of climate and society. Scope 27, John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 3-36.

Kates, R.W., Ausubel, J.H., Berberian, M. (Eds.). 1985. Climate impact assessment. Studies of the interaction of climate and society, Scope 27, John Wiley, Chichester, 625 pp.

Kempe, M., Rohr, C. (Eds.). 2003. Coping with the unexpected. Natural disasters and their perception, Environment and History 9 (2), Special Issue, 128 pp.

Kiss, A., Wilson, R., Bariska, I. 2011. An Experimental 392-year documentary-based multiproxy (vine and grain) reconstruction of may-july temperatures for Köszeg, West-Hungary. International Journal of Biometeorology 55 (4), 595-611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484- 010-0367-4.

Kiss, A. 2018 (in press). Floods and long-term water-level changes in Medieval Hungary. Springer, Berlin, 499 pp.

Krämer, D. 2012. Vulnerabilität und die konzeptionellen Strukturen des Hungers. Eine methodische Annäherung. In: D. Collet, T. Lassen, A. Schanbacher (Eds.), Handeln in Hungerkrisen. Neue Perspektiven auf soziale und klimatische Vulnerabilität. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, Göttingen, pp. 45-65.

Krämer, D. 2015. “Menschen grasten nun mit dem Vieh”. Die letzte grosse Hungerkrise der Schweiz 1816/17. Mit einer theoretischen und methodischen Einführung in die historische Hungerforschung. Wirtschafts-, Sozial- und Umweltgeschichte (WSU) 4. Schwabe, Basel, 527 pp.

Lachiver, M. 1991. Les années de misère. La famine au temps du Grand Roi 1680–1720. Fayard, Paris, 573 pp.

Lamb, H.H. 1981. An approach to the study of the development of climate and its impact in human affairs. In Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man, T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 291- 309.

Lamb, H.H. 1982. Climate history and the modern world. Methuen, London, 387 pp. https://doi. org/10.4324/9780203433652.

Landsberg, H.E. 1985. Historical weather data and early meteorological observations. In: A. D. Hecht (Ed.), Paleoclimate analysis and modelling. John Wiley, New York, pp. 27-70.

Le Roy Ladurie, E. 2004. Histoire humaine et comparée du climat, vol. 1: Canicules et glaciers XIIIe–XVIIIe siècles. Fayard, Paris, 748 pp.

Le Roy Ladurie, E. 2006. Histoire humaine et comparée du climat, vol. 2: Disettes et révolutions (1740–1860). Fayard, Paris, 611 pp.

Litzenburger, L. 2015. Une ville face au climat: Metz à la fin du Moyen Âge, 1400–1530. Presses universitaires de Nancy, Nancy 2015, 488 pp.

Lopez, R.S. 1962. La naissance de l’Europe. Armand Colin, Paris, 487 pp.

Luterbacher, J., Rickli, R., Xoplaki, E., Tinguely, C., Beck, C., Pfister, C., Wanner, H. 2001. The late Maunder Minimum (1675–1715) – A key period for studying decadal scale climatic change in Europe. Climatic Change 49, 441-462. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010667524422.

Luterbacher, J., Pfister, C. 2015. The year without a summer. Nature Geoscience 8, 246-248. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2404.

Mackay, A. 1981. Climate and popular unrest in late medieval Castile. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 356-376.

Matthews, J.A., Briffa K.R. 2005. The “Little Ice Age”: Re-evaluation of an evolving concept. Geografiska Annaler. Series A. Physical Geography 87 (1), pp. 17-36. http://doi.org/10.1111/ j.0435-3676.2005.00242.x.112

Mauelshagen, F. 2010. Klimageschichte der Neuzeit 1500–1900. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 144 pp.

Mauelshagen, F., Pfister, C. 2010. Vom Klima zur Gesellschaft. Klimageschichte im 21. Jahrhundert. In: H. Welzer, H.-G. Soeffner, D. Giesecke (Eds.), KlimaKulturen. Soziale Wirklichkeiten im Klimawandel. Campus, Frankfurt a. M., pp. 241-269.

McNeill, J.R. 2010. Mosquito empires. Ecology and war in the Greater Caribbean, 1620–1914. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, XVIII+371 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811623.

Miller, G.H., Geirsdóttir, Á., Zhong, Y., Larsen, D.J., Otto-Bliesner, B.L. Holland, M.M., Bailey, D.A., Refsnider, K.A., Lehman, S.J., Southon, J.R. Anderson, C., Björnsson, H., Thordarson, T. 2012. Abrupt onset of the Little Ice Age triggered by volcanism and sustained by sea-ice/ocean feedbacks. Geophysical Research Letters 39, L02708. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050168.

Neveux, H. 1974. Les grains du Cambrésis. Fin du XIVe–début du XVIIe siècles. Vie et déclin d’une structure économique. Mouton, Paris, 443 pp.

Newfield, T. 2009. A cattle panzootic in early fourteenth-century Europe. Agricultural History Review 57 (2), 155-190.

Ogilvie, A.E.J., Jonsson, T. 2001: “Little Ice Age” research: A perspective from Iceland. In: A.E.J. Ogilvie, T. Jonsson (Eds.), The Iceberg in the Mist: Northern Research in Pursuit of a “Little Ice Age”. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 9-52. Reprinted from Climatic Change 48, pp. 9-52.

Parker, G. 2013. Global crisis. War, climate change and catastrophe in the seventeenth century. Yale University Press, New Haven, 871 pp.

Parry, M.L. 1981. Climatic change and the agricultural frontier. A research strategy. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and History. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 319-336.

Pfister, C. 1975. Agrarkonjunktur und Witterungsverlauf im westlichen Schweizer Mittelland zur Zeit der Ökonomischen Patrioten 1755–1797. Ein Beitrag zur Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte des 18. Jahrhunderts, Geographica Bernensia. Grundlagenforschung 2, Lang, Liebefeld, 229 pp.

Pfister, C. 1981a. An analysis of the Little Ice Age climate in Switzerland and its consequences for agricultural production. In: T.M.L. Wigley, M.J. Ingram, G. Farmer (Eds.), Climate and History. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 214-248.

Pfister, C. 1981b. Die Fluktuationen der Weinmosterträge im Schweizerischen Weinland vom 16. bis ins frühe 19. Jahrhundert. Klimatische Ursachen und sozio-ökonomische Bedeutung. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Geschichte 31, 445-491.

Pfister, C. 1984. Das Klima der Schweiz von 1525–1860 und seine Bedeutung in der Geschichte von Bevölkerung und Landwirtschaft, vol. 2: Bevölkerung, Klima und Agrarmodernisierung 1525– 1860, Academica Helvetica 6, Paul Haupt, Bern, 163 pp.

Pfister, C. 1988. Fluctuations climatiques et prix céréaliers en Europe du XVIe au XXe siècle. Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations 43 (1), 25-53.

Pfister, C. 1999. Wetternachhersage. 500 Jahre Klimavariationen und Naturkatastrophen. Paul Haupt, Bern, 304 pp.

Pfister, C. 2004. Klimaverlauf und Agrarkonjunktur im weiteren zeitlichen Umfeld des Schweizerischen Bauernkrieges, 1550–1670. In: J. Römer (Ed.), Bauern, Untertanen und “Rebellen”. Eine Kulturgeschichte des Schweizerischen Bauernkrieges von 1653. Kultur, Philosophie, Geschichte 2. Orell Füssli, Zürich, pp. 256-270.

Pfister, C. 2005. Weeping in the snow. The second period of Little Ice Age-type impacts, 1570-1630. In: W. Behringer, H. Lehmann, C. Pfister (Eds.), Kulturelle Konsequenzen der “Kleinen Eiszeit”/Cultural consequences of the “Little Ice Age”. Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte 212, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, pp. 31-86.113

Pfister, C. 2007a. Little Ice Age-type impact and the mitigation of social vulnerability to climate in the Swiss canton of Bern prior to 1800. In: R. Costanza, L.J. Graumlich, W. Steffen (Eds.), Sustainability or collapse? An integrated history and future of people on Earth. The MIT Press, Cambridge MA, pp. 197-212.

Pfister, C. 2007b. Climatic extremes, recurrent crises and witch hunts: Strategies of European societies in coping with exogenous shocks in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The Medieval History Journal 10 (1-2). 33–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580701000202.

Pfister, C. 2010. The vulnerability of past societies to climatic variation. A new focus for historical climatology in the twenty-first century. Climatic Change 101/1-2, Special Issue: European climate of the past 500 years based on documentary and instrumental data, R. Brázdil, D. Wheeler, C. Pfister (Eds.), pp. 281-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9829-2.

Pfister, C., Brázdil, R. 2006. Social vulnerability to climate in the “Little Ice Age”: An example from Central Europe in the early 1770s. Climate of the Past 2, 115-129. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2-115- 2006.

Post, J.D. 1981. The impact of climate on political, social, and economic change. A comment. In: R.I. Rotberg, T.K. Rabb (Eds.), Climate and History. Studies in Interdisciplinary History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 139-144. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854103.139.

Rohr, C. 2005. The Danube floods and their human response and perception (14th to 17th C). History of Meteorology 2, Special issue: Diversity in the global reconstruction and representation of weather and climate: east, south, west, north. Selected papers from the ICHM Symposium at the International Congress of History of Science, Beijing, China, July 2005, L.K. McNally III, C. Rohr (Eds.). pp. 71-86, http://www.meteohistory.org/2005historyofmeteorology2/06rohr.pdf.

Rohr, C. 2006. Measuring the frequency and intensity of floods of the Traun River (Upper Austria), 1441- 1574. Hydrological Sciences Journal 51 (5), pp. 834-847. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.51.5.834.

Rohr, C. 2007. Extreme Naturereignisse im Ostalpenraum. Naturerfahrung im Spätmittelalter und am Beginn der Neuzeit, Umwelthistorische Forschungen 4. Böhlau, Köln, 640 pp.

Rohr, C. (Ed.). 2008. Naturkatastrophen in der Geschichte. Wahrnehmung, Deutung und Bewältigung von extremen Naturereignissen in Risikokulturen, Historische Sozialkunde, Themenheft 2008/2, Verein für Geschichte und Sozialkunde, Wien 2008, 44 pp.

Rohr, C. 2009a. Confronting avalanches in the Alps in the late middle ages and early modern era. In: V. Jankovic, C. Barboza (Eds.), Weather, local knowledge and everyday life: Issues in integrated climate studies. Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 67-74.

Rohr, C. 2009b. Sie Seind Krochen wie ain Kriegsordnung. Heuschreckenplagen im Land Tirol im Spätmittelalter und in der Frühen Neuzeit. Tiroler Heimatblätter 84 (1), 20-25.

Rohr, C. 2012a. Leben am und mit dem Fluss. Überschwemmungen der Traun im Raum Lambach in der Frühen Neuzeit. In: K. Landa, C. Stöttinger, J. Wührer (Eds.), Stift Lambach in der Frühen Neuzeit. Frömmigkeit, Wissenschaft, Kunst und Verwaltung am Fluss. Tagungsband zum Symposion im November 2009. Oberösterreichisches Landesarchiv, Linz, pp. 119-133.

Rohr, C. 2012b. Stadterweiterung versus Naturgefahr. Die Stadt Wels während der Hochwasserkatastrophen von 1897 und 1899. Jahrbuch des Musealvereines Wels 36, 551-574.

Rohr, C. 2013. Floods of the Upper Danube River and its tributaries and their impact on urban economies (c. 1350–1600): The examples of the towns of Krems/Stein and Wels (Austria). Environment and History 19 (2), pp. 133-148. https://doi.org/10.3197/09673401 3X13642082568534.

Rohr, C. 2014. Coping with natural hazards in the Southeastern Alpine region in the middle ages and in early modern times. In: P. Štih, Ž. Zwitter (Eds.), Man, nature and environment between the Northern Adriatic and the Eastern Alps in premodern times. Zbirka Zgodovinskega časopisa 48. Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete, Ljubljana, pp. 290-313.114

Rotberg, R.I., Rabb, T.K. (Eds.). 1981. Climate and history. Studies in interdisciplinary history. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 280 pp. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400854103.

Schenk, G.J., Engels, J.I. (Eds.). 2007. Historical disaster research. Concepts, methods and case studies/Historische Katastrophenforschung. Begriffe, Konzepte und Fallbeispiele. Historical Social Research 32 (3), Special Issue, 9-234.

Slavin, P. 2012. The great bovine pestilence and its economic and environmental consequences in England and Wales, 1318–1350. Economic History Review 65 (4), 1239-1266. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1468-0289.2011.00625.x.

Slavin, P. 2017. Communities of famine: Environment, economy and society in early-fourteenth century Britain. Brepols, Turnhout.

Soens, T. 2013. Flood security in the Medieval and Early Modern North Sea area: A question of entitlement? Environment and History 19 (2), 209-232. https://doi.org/10.3197/0967340 13X13642082568651.

Stern, D.V. 2000. A Hertfordshire demesne of Westminster Abbey. Profits, productivity and weather. Studies in Regional and Local History 1. University of Hertfordshire Press, Hatfield 2000, 256 pp.

Van der Wee, H. 1963. The growth of the Antwerp market and the European economy, fourteenth– sixteenth centuries. 3 vols., Recueil de Travaux d’Histoire et de Philologie, Série 4, Fasc. 28-30. Bureau du Recueil, Bibliothèque de l’Université, Louvain.

Voss, M. 2008. The vulnerable can’t speak. An integrative vulnerability approach to disaster and climate change research. Behemoth. A Journal on Civilisation 1 (3), 39-56. https://doi. org/10.1524/behe.2008.0022.

Wanner, H. 2016. Klima und Mensch. Eine 12’000-jährige Geschichte. Haupt, Bern, 276 pp.

Wetter, O., Pfister, C. 2013. An underestimated record breaking event – Why summer 1540 was likely warmer than 2003. Climate of the Past 9, 41-56. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-41-2013.

Wetter, O., Pfister, C., Werner, J.P., Zorita, E., Wagner, S., Seneviratne, S.I., Herget, J., Grünewald, U., Luterbacher, J., Alcoforado, M.-J., Barriendos, M., Bieber, U., Brázdil, R., Burmeister, K.H., Camenisch, C., Contino, A., Dobrovolný, P., Glaser, R., Himmelsbach, I., Kiss, A., Kotyza, O., Labbé, T., Limanówka, D., Litzenburger, L., Nordli, Ø, Pribyl, K., Retsö, D., Riemann, D., Rohr, C., Siegfried, W., Söderberg, J., Spring, J.-L. 2014. The year-long unprecedented European heat and drought of 1540 – A worst case. Climatic Change 125, 349-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1184-2.

White, S. 2011. The climate of rebellion in the early modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 352 pp. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511844058.

Wigley, T.M.L., Ingram, M.J., Farmer, G. (Eds.) 1981. Climate and history. Studies in past climates and their impact on man. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 530 pp.

Wigley, T.M.L., Huckstep, N.J., Ogilvie, A.E.J., Farmer, G., Mortimer, R., Ingram, M.J. 1985. Historical climate impact assessments. In: R.W. Kates, J.H. Ausubel, M. Berberian (Eds.), Climate impact assessment. Studies of the interaction of climate and society. Scope 27, John Wiley, Chichester, pp. 529-563.

Zwitter, Ž. 2015. Subsistence, prosperity and abandonment of Alpine isolated farms in the dynamic 17th century environment: Case study from the Upper Savinja Valley with special emphasis on tenants’ inventories. Ekonomska i ekohistorija 11, Special Issue: History and Sustainability, 139-181.

Downloads

Published

20-02-2018

How to Cite

1.
Camenisch C, Rohr C. When the weather turned bad. The research of climate impacts on society and economy during the Little Ice Age in Europe. An overview. CIG [Internet]. 2018 Feb. 20 [cited 2024 Mar. 28];44(1):99-114. Available from: https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/cig/article/view/3395

Issue

Section

Articles