Desarrollo y aplicación de un índice multifactorial de conectividad de sedimentos a escala de cuenca

J.M. Quiñonero-Rubio; C. Boix-Fayos; J. de Vente

doi:10.18172/cig.1988

Autores/as

J.M. Quiñonero-Rubio Universidad de Murcia
C. Boix-Fayos Grupo de Erosiony Conservacion de Suelos, CEBAS-CSIC
J. de Vente Departamento de Conservacion de Suelos y Agua y Manejo de Residuos Organicos, Grupo de Erosiony Conservacion de Suelos, CEBAS-CSIC

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.1988

Palabras clave:

transporte de sedimentos, factores geomorficos, indice de conectividad, dique, cambios de uso del suelo,

Resumen

Este trabajo presenta una nueva metodologia para la estimacion de la conectividad de sedimentos a escala de cuenca. El indice propuesto CCI (Indice de Conectividad de Cuenca), se basa en la combinacion de factores en un entorno SIG que condicionan la conectividad de sedimentos en diferentes elementos (laderas, subcuencas, cauces) que componen el sistema fluvial. Los factores evaluados en el modelo son la capacidad de transporte en laderas (TC), la eficiencia como trampa de diques de retencion de sedimentos (TE), la presencia de barreras geomorfologicas (GF), las condiciones del flujo (FC) y la capacidad de transporte de los cauces (SP). Aplicamos este indice en la cuenca del Alto Taibilla (314 km2) (SE de Espana) para distintos escenarios de uso del suelo (1956 y 2006) y de manejo (diques de retencion de sedimentos). Esta cuenca ha sufrido importantes cambios de cobertura en los ultimos 50 anos. El intenso proceso de abandono agricola y la implantacion de reforestaciones y diques de retencion de sedimentos han causado un importante impacto en la dinamica de exportacion de sedimentos de la cuenca. El CCI permite identificar que elementos del paisaje tienen un mayor impacto en la (des)conectividad de sedimentos a escala de cuenca. Los resultados muestran una reduccion importante de la conectividad del 76% entre 1956 y 2006. Sin embargo, se observa que los diques de retencion de sedimentos solo contribuyen a esta reduccion en un 3%. Los cambios de uso del suelo provocan un impacto elevado en la reduccion de la conectividad de sedimentos, salvo en sectores muy localizados con fuertes pendientes, o bien con el desarrollo de la agricultura junto a los principales cauces de la red de drenaje. El CCI resulta un metodo contrastado de facil aplicacion que puede ser utilizado para realizar analisis espacio-temporales de la conectividad de sedimentos en areas con alteraciones naturales y antropicas.

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