Post-fire soil erosion mitigation: a review of the last research and techniques developed in Portugal

S. Prats; M. Malvar; M.A.S. Martins; J.J. Keizer

doi:10.18172/cig.2519

Autores/as

S. Prats Universidad de Aveiro
M. Malvar
M.A.S. Martins
J.J. Keizer

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.2519

Palabras clave:

incendios forestales, erosión del suelo, escorrentía, mulch, efectividad.

Resumen

Existe una gran incertidumbre en la cuantificación del riesgo erosivo tras un incendio forestal. En algunas partes del mundo la erosión post-incendio puede tener efectos devastadores sobre los ecosistemas forestales, las infraestructuras y también sobre las vidas humanas. Sin embargo, en los países del litoral mediterráneo la erosión post-incendio suele ser catalogada como “baja”, especialmente debido a una larga historia de intenso uso del suelo. Este trabajo de revisión integra los últimos estudios realizados en Portugal sobre la evaluación del riesgo de erosión y de escorrentía post-incendio así como las técnicas para su mitigación. En el caso del centro-norte de Portugal, estudios recientes han demostrado que los incendios forestales pueden resultar en pérdidas elevadas (5-10 Mg ha-1año-1), mientras que algunas actividades de preparación del suelo que se llevan a cabo en la región pueden duplicar estos valores. Todas estas figuras sobrepasan las estimativas de pérdidas de suelo tolerables, por lo que se deben tomar medidas que garanticen la sostenibilidad de los usos del suelo. A nivel mundial, se ha constatado que el mulch de paja es el método más efectivo para reducir la erosión del suelo tras un incendio de alta severidad. Recientemente, otros tratamientos han sido testados en eucaliptales y pinares incendiados de Portugal: 1) el mulch de cortezas de eucalipto trituradas; 2) el de restos forestales no triturados (ramas, palos, hojas); 3) el hydromulch, una variante del mulch compuesto por agua, fibras orgánicas, surfactantes, nutrientes y semillas utilizado en la restauración de taludes y canteras; y 4) las poliacrilamidas (PAM), un agente químico utilizado con éxito en la reducción de la erosión en terrenos agrícolas y con alto potencial debido a su baja tasa de aplicación. Los tratamientos más efectivos fueron aquellos que afectaron al factor determinante de la erosión: la cubierta del suelo. Por esta razón el mulch de cortezas de eucalipto trituradas y el hydromulch redujeron la escorrentía a la mitad, y la erosión en un 80-90%, mientras que las poliacrilamidas no tuvieron ningún efecto. Los restos forestales no triturados aplicados en incendios con alguna cubierta sobre el suelo (agujas de pino) no fueron efectivos debido al bajo riesgo erosivo de esas áreas.

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Biografía del autor/a

S. Prats, Universidad de Aveiro

Doctor en Ciencias do Mar e do Ambiente,

Departamento de Ambiente e Ordenamento

universidade de aveiro

Citas

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