El material leñoso en los ríos y su influencia en la peligrosidad por inundación

Autores/as

  • V. Ruiz-Villanueva University of Bern Institute of Geological Sciences Exogene Geology Baltzerstrasse 1+3 CH-3012
  • A. Díez-Herrero Instituto Geológico y Minero de España
  • J.M. Bodoque Universidad de Castilla La Mancha
  • E. Bladé Instituto Flumen, Universidad Politécnica de Catalunya

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.2523

Palabras clave:

detritos leñosos, material leñoso, avenida, inundación, peligrosidad, riesgo

Resumen

Desde un punto de vista de la peligrosidad durante inundaciones, la presencia de restos de vegetación en los ríos (troncos, o árboles completos, ramas y raíces: detritos leñosos) puede agravar las consecuencias de dichos eventos. Este material puede afectar especialmente a las infraestructuras como drenajes, puentes, etc. que intersectan ríos en cuencas forestadas montañosas. Una práctica muy extendida y aceptada hasta hace pocos años, es la extracción de este material leñoso de los cauces como medida de prevención. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que esta práctica puede resultar inútil (el material es transportado y depositado tras cada inundación) e incluso no beneficioso para el equilibrio natural del sistema fluvial a largo plazo. Por lo tanto, es necesario gestionar la presencia de este material leñoso en los ríos, e integrar su estudio en los análisis de peligrosidad y riesgo por inundación. En este trabajo, se presenta una síntesis metodológica integral para estudiar la carga de detritos leñosos en ríos. En primer lugar, para conocer la dinámica de incorporación de este material es necesario establecer las áreas contribuyentes que pueden aportar el material a los cursos de agua y los mecanismos de incorporación. De este modo, es posible estimar el volumen de madera potencialmente disponible. Con el fin de analizar su transporte se presenta un modelo numérico, que permite la simulación del transporte de carga leñosa junto con la hidrodinámica. Asimismo, se analiza la incidencia de la carga en la magnitud de eventos de inundación (calados, velocidades…), presentando como ejemplo la avenida ocurrida en diciembre de 1997 en la Sierra de Gredos. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron reproducir el patrón de depósitos de material leñoso durante el evento y reconstruir cuantitativamente el porcentaje de obstrucción de un puente. Este proceso generó un aumento del calado de hasta 2 metros aguas arriba y una reducción de la velocidad de la corriente, lo que a su vez favoreció el depósito de sedimento y más detritos. Como consecuencia los efectos de la inundación fueron equivalentes a los de un evento de mayor magnitud, siendo este incremento de la peligrosidad cuantificable numéricamente.

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Publicado

2014-03-06

Cómo citar

1.
Ruiz-Villanueva V, Díez-Herrero A, Bodoque J, Bladé E. El material leñoso en los ríos y su influencia en la peligrosidad por inundación. CIG [Internet]. 6 de marzo de 2014 [citado 31 de marzo de 2025];40(1):229-46. Disponible en: https://publicaciones.unirioja.es/ojs/index.php/cig/article/view/2523