Evaluación de presas de retención de sedimento: medidas estructurales de control del transporte de sedimento en el noroeste de Etiopía
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.2643Palabras clave:
presas de almacenamiento de sedimento, eficacia en la captación de sedimento, medidas de captación de sedimento, producción de sedimento, Etiopía.Resumen
La sedimentación en embalses y lagos es un problema clave en Etiopía.La construcción de presas de pequeño y mediano tamaño en la desembocadura de subcuencas dentro de cuencas más amplias ayuda a reducir el transporte de sedimento hacia embalses o lagos. Este estudio comprueba la eficacia en la captación de sedimento por parte de presas de retención de sedimento construidas en la desembocadura de ocho pequeñas subcuencas en el noroeste de Etiopía, como una medida de captación de sedimento. Se utilizaron imágenes de satélite y mapas topográficos para estudiar la cubierta vegetal y los usos del suelo, y para delinear los límites de las subcuencas. En el campo se midió directamente el sedimento atrapado por las presas, así como las entradas y salidas de sedimento en suspensión con el que se calculó la eficiencia de captación de sedimento por parte de cada presa. La producción de sedimento de cada subcuenca se calculó a partir del sedimento atrapado y de la estimación de pérdida de sedimento en suspensión. Los resultados muestran que las presas de retención de sedimento atrapan un promedio de 1584 t año-1 de sedimento, y la producción específica de sedimento oscila entre 8.6 y 55 t ha-1 año-1. Dos presas de retención de sedimento construidas con gaviones y piedras se evaluaron en relación con su eficacia para la captación de sedimento. Los resultados demuestran que su eficacia fue del 74% y del 67% para presas de gavión y piedras, respectivamente. En general, aunque las presas son costosas para los pequeños granjeros y tienen una relativamente corta vida dependiendo de su tamaño, constituyen prometedoras medidas estructurales para atrapar significativas cantidades de sedimento en la desembocadura de pequeñas subcuencas y reducir el movimiento de sedimento hacia aguas abajo.
Descargas
Citas
Abedini, M., Md Said, M.A., Ahmad, F. 2012. Effectiveness of check dam to control soil erosion in a tropical catchment (The Ulu Kinta Basin). Catena 97, 63-70.
Amare, A. 2005. Study of sediment yield from the Watershed of Angereb reservoir. Master’s Thesis, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Alemaya University, Ethiopia.
Amsalu, A., Stroosnijder, L., de Graaf, J. 2007. Long-term dynamics in land resource use and the driving forces in the Beressa watershed, highlands of Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Management 83, 448-459.
Armstrong, J.L., Mackenzie, D.H. 2002. Sediment yields and turbidity records from small upland subcatchments in the Warragamba Dam catchment, southern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Soil Research 40, 557-579.
Baade, J., Franz, S., Reichel, A. 2012. Reservoir siltation and sediment yield in the Kruger National Park, South Africa: A first assessment. Land Degradation & Development 23, 586-600.
Baartman, J.E.M., Masselink, R., Keesstra, S.D., Temme, A. 2013. Linking landscape morphological complexity and sediment connectivity. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38, 1457- 1471.
Bellin, N., Vanacker, V., van Wesemael, B., Sole-Benet, A., Bakker, M.M. 2011. Natural and anthropogenic controls on soil erosion in the Internal Betic Cordillera (southeast Spain). Catena 87, 190-200.
Borin, M., Vianello, M., Morari, F., Zanin, G. 2005. Effectiveness of buffer strips in removing pollutants in runoff from a cultivated field in North-East Italy. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 105, 101-114.
Burylo, M., Rey, F., Bochet, E., Dutoit, T. 2012. Plant functional traits and species ability for sediment retention during concentrated flow erosion. Plant and Soil 353, 135-144.
Coyne, M.S., Gilfillen, R.A., Rhodes, R.W., Blevins, R.L. 1995. Soil and fecal coliform trapping by grass filter strips during simulated rain. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 50, 405- 408.
De Vente, J., Poesen, J., Bazzoffi, P., Van Rompaey, A., Verstraeten, G. 2006. Predicting catchment sediment yield in Mediterranean environments: the importance of sediment sources and connectivity in Italian drainage basins. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31, 1017- 1034.
Dendy, F., Cooper, C. 1984. Sediment trap efficiency of a small reservoir. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 39, 278-280.
EMA. 1987. Ethiopian Mapping Agency. Field survey by EMA. Air photography 1:50 000 scale by SWEDSURVEY, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Fiener, P., Auerswald, K.,Weigand, S. 2005. Managing erosion and water quality in agricultural watersheds by small detention ponds. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 110, 132- 142.
Fisseha, G., Gebrekidan, H., Kibret, K., Bedadi, B., Yitaferu, B. 2011. Participatory Development of Soil Conservation Measures at the Debre-Mewi Watershed in the Upper Catchment of the Blue Nile Basin, Northwest Ethiopia. Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences
(JBES) 1, 199-213. Haile, G.W., Fetene, M. 2012. Assessment of soil erosion hazard in kilie catchment, East Shoa, Ethiopia. Land Degradation & Development 23, 293-306.
Haregeweyn, N., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., De Wit, J., Haile, M., Govers, G., Deckers, S. 2006. Reservoirs in Tigray (Northern Ethiopia): Characteristics and sediment deposition problems. Land Degradation & Development 17, 211-230.
Haregeweyn, N., Poesen, J., Nyssen, J., Govers, G., Verstraeten, G., de Vente, J., Deckers, J., Moeyersons, J., Haile, M. 2008. Sediment yield variability in Northern Ethiopia: A quantitative analysis of its controlling factors. Catena 75, 65-76.
Hughes, A.O., Prosser, P.I. 2012. Gully erosion prediction across a large region: Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Soil Research 50, 267-277.
Kebede, W. 2012. Watershed Manual: An Option to Sustain Dam and Reservoir Functions in Ethiopia. Journal of Environmental Sciences and Technology 5, 262-273.
Keesstra, S.D. 2007. Impact of natural reforestation on floodplain sedimentation in the Dragonja basin, SW Slovenia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 32, 49-65.
Keesstra, S.D., Bruijnzeel, L.A., van Huissteden, J. 2009a. Meso-scale catchment sediment budgets: combining field surveys and modeling in the Dragonja catchment, southwest Slovenia. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34, 1547-1561.
Keesstra, S.D., van Dam, O., Verstraeten, G., van Huissteden, J. 2009b. Changing sediment generation due to natural reforestation in the Dragonja catchment, SW Slovenia. Catena 78, 60-71.
Knight, K.W., Schultz, R.C., Mabry, C.M., Isenhart, T.M. 2010. Ability of remnant riparian forests, with and without grass filters, to buffer concentrated surface runoff. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46, 311-322.
Lakel, W.A., III, Aust, W.M., Holding, M.C., Dolloff, C.A., Keyser, P., Feldt, R. 2010. Sediment trapping by streamside management zones of various widths after forest harvest and site preparation. Forest Science 56, 541-551.
Leguédois, S., Ellis, T.W., Hairsine, P.B., Tongway, D.J. 2008. Sediment trapping by a tree belt: Processes and consequences for sediment delivery. Hydrological Processes 22, 3523-3534.
Markle, J. 2009. Efficacy of settlement ponds for reducing pyrethroid runoff in almond orchards. Modesto, CA: Almond Board of California. Final research report 2008-2009, 1-24.
McCaleb, M.M., McLaughlin, R.A. 2008. Sediment trapping by five different sediment detention devices on conservation sites Transactions of the ASABE 51, 1613-1621.
McKenzie, N., Coughlan, K.J., Cresswell, H. 2002. Soil Physical Measurement and Interpretation For Land Evaluation. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood, Victoria.
Mekonnen, M., Keesstra, S.D., Baartman, J.E.M., Stroosnijder, L., Maroulis, J. 2014. Soil Conservation Through Sediment Trapping: A review. Land Degradation & Development DOI, 10.1002 l-1dr.2308.
Mekonnen, M., Melesse, A.M. 2011. Soil Erosion Mapping and Hotspot area identification using GIS and Remote Sensing in Northwest Ethiopian Highlands, Near lake Tana. Nile River Basin; hydrology, climate & water use, Springer, 207-224.
MERET. 2008. MERET NEWS: A quarterly newsletter published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, MERET, Project coordination office, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Report No 5, 9-10.
Middelkoop, H., Erkens, G., van der Perk, M. 2010. The Rhine delta-a record of sediment trapping over time scales from millennia to decades. Journal of Soils and Sediments 10(4), 628-639.
Morgan, R.P.C. 2005. Soil erosion and conservation, 3rd ed. National Soil Resource Institute, Cranfield University, Blackwell, London.
Nyssen J, Descheemaeker K, Haregeweyn N, Haile M, Deckers J, Poesen J. 2007. Lessons learnt from 10 years research on SWC in Tigray. Tigray Livelihood Papers No. 7. Zala-Daget
Project, Mekelle University, K.U.Leuven, Tigray BOARD. ISBN 978-90-8826-027-8; 53.
Nyssen, J., Poesen, J., Moeyersons, j., Mitiku, H., Deckers, J. 2008. Dynamics of soil erosion rates and controlling factors in the Northern Ethiopian Highlands - towards a sediment budget. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 33, 695-711.
Poesen, J., Nachtergaele, J., Verstraeten, G., Valentin, C. 2003. Gully erosion and environmental change: importance and research needs. Catena 50, 91-133.
Ritsema, C.J. 2003. Introduction: soil erosion and participatory land use planning on the Loess Plateau in China. Catena 54, 1-5.
Romero-Díaz, A., Marin-Sanleandro, P., Ortiz-Silla, R. 2012. Loss of soil fertility estimated from sediment trapped in check dams. South-eastern Spain. Catena 99, 42-53.
Schoonover, J.E., Williard, K.W.J., Zaczek, J.J., Mangun, J.C., Carver, A.D. 2006. Agricultural sediment reduction by giant cane and forest riparian buffers. Water Air and Soil Pollution 169, 303-315.
Setegn, S.G., Dargahi, B., Srinivasan, R., Melesse, A.M. 2010. Modelling of sediment yield from Anjeni gauged watershed, Ethiopia using SWAT Model. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 46, 514-526.
Sougnez, N., van Wesemael, B., Vanacker, V. 2011. Low erosion rates measured for steep, sparsely vegetated catchments in southeast Spain. Catena 84, 1-11.
Tamene, L., Park, S., Dikau, R., Vlek, P. 2006a. Reservoir siltation in the semi-arid highlands of northern Ethiopcatchment area relationship and a semi-quantitative approach for predicting sediment yield. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 31(11), 1364-1383.
Tamene, L., Park, S.J., Dikau, R., Vlek, P.L.G. 2006b. Analysis of factors determining sediment yield variability in the highlands of northern Ethiopia. Geomorphology 76, 76-91.
Vanoni, V.A. 1975. Sedimentation Engineering. ASCE Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practices. No 54. ASCE.
Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J. 2000. Estimating trap efficiency of small reservoirs and ponds: methods and implications for the assessment of sediment yield. Progress in Physical Geography 24, 219-251.
Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J. 2001. Factors controlling sediment yield from small intensively cultivated catchments in a temperate humid climate. Geomorphology 40, 123-144.
Verstraeten, G., Poesen, J. 2002. Regional scale variability in sediment and nutrient delivery from small agricultural watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 31(3), 870-879.
Vorosmarty, C.J., Meybeck, M., Fekete, B., Sharma, K., Green, P., Syvitski, J.P.M. 2003. Anthropogenic sediment retention: major global impact from registered river impoundments. Global and Planetary Change 39, 169-190.
Walling, D.E. 2006. Human impact on land-ocean sediment transfer by the world’s rivers. Geomorphology 79, 192-216.
Wang, Y., Fu, B., Chen, L., Lü, Y., Gao, Y. 2011. Check dam in the loess plateau of China: Engineering for environmental services and food security. Environmental Science and Technology 45(24), 10298-10299.
Ward, J.M., Jackson, C.R. 2004. Sediment trapping within forestry streamside management zones: Georgia Piedmont, USA. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40(6), 1421- 1431.
Wasson, R.J., Caitcheon, G., Murray, A.S., McCulloch, M., Quade, J. 2002. Sourcing sediment using multiple tracers catchment of Lake Argyle, northwestern Australia. Environmental Management 29 (5), 634-646.
WBISPP. 2002. Manual for Woody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project, Ministry of Agriculture, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
White, P., Butcher, D., Labadz, J. 1997. Reservoir sedimentation and catchment sediment yield in the Strines catchment, UK. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 22, 321-328.
Zegeye, A.D., Steenhuis, T.S., Blake, R.W., Kidnau, S., Collick, A.S., Dadgari, F. 2010. Assessment of soil erosion processes and farmer perception of land conservation in Debre Mewi watershed near lake Tana, Ethiopia. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 0, 297-306.
Zeleke, G. 2000. Landscape dynamics and soil erosion process modeling in the North-Western Ethiopian Highlands. African Studies Series A 16, Geographica Bernensia Berne, Switzerland.
Zhang, G.-H., Liu, G.-B., Wang, G.-L. 2010. Effects of Caragana Korshinskii Kom cover on runoff, sediment yield and nitrogen loss. International Journal of Sediment Research 25, 245-257.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
El autor o autora conserva todos los derechos sobre su artículo y cede a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación, no siendo necesaria la autorización de la revista para su difusión una vez publicado. Una vez publicada la versión del editor el autor está obligado a hacer referencia a ella en las versiones archivadas en los repositorios personales o institucionales.
El artículo se publicará con una licencia Creative Commons de Atribución, que permite a terceros utilizar lo publicado siempre que se mencione la autoría del trabajo y la primera publicación en esta revista.
Se recomienda a los autores/as el archivo de la versión de editor en repositorios institucionales.
