Comparación de diferentes métodos para medir la erosión del suelo en el sector central del valle del Ebro
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.2703Palabras clave:
parcelas de erosión, incendios forestales, infiltración, escorrentía, simulador de lluvia, producción de sedimentos, acolchado de astillas.Resumen
El fuego es un factor natural de la evolución paisajística de los ecosistemas Mediterráneos. Debido a los cambios sociales y económicos, los incendios forestales han causado cambios hidrológicos y geomorfológicos aún más pronunciados, provocando una mayor erosión del suelo. El área de estudio se localiza en las Montañas de Zuera, cerca de la ciudad de Zaragoza (España), en el sector central de la Depresión del Ebro. Estas montañas fueron afectadas por dos incendios en 2008 y 2009, quemándose en torno a 2000 ha y 6000 ha, respectivamente. El sector central del Valle del Ebro tiene una aridez extrema, lo que se traduce en una cubierta vegetal baja y alta erosionabilidad del suelo y ésta se ve reforzada por los efectos del fuego. La infiltración del suelo es una de las propiedades afectadas por el fuego como consecuencia de la eliminación de la vegetación y la hojarasca, por el aumento de temperatura y los cambios en las propiedades físicas, químicas y biológicas del suelo. Nuestro objetivo fue comparar dos métodos diferentes –simulaciones de lluvia y parcelas de erosión–, para evaluar la erosión del suelo tras incendios forestales. Se compararon diferentes mediciones con un simulador de lluvia y con parcelas de erosión, aplicando una cubierta de astillas –con el fin de reducir el efecto de la salpicadura de las gotas de lluvia–. El trabajo muestra bajas tasas de sedimentos en ambos experimentos cubiertos con astillas de madera.
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