Timing and extent of late pleistocene glaciation in the arid Central Andes of Argentina and Chile (22°-41°S)

J. Zech; C. Terrizzano; E. García-Morabito; H. Veit; R. Zech

doi:10.18172/cig.3235

Autores/as

J. Zech Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Switzerland Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Germany
C. Terrizzano Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern
E. García-Morabito Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern, Switzerland Instituto de Estudios Andinos “Don Pablo Groeber”, Universidad de Buenos Aires - Conicet, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
H. Veit Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern
R. Zech Institute of Geography, University of Bern, Hallerstrasse 12, 3012 Bern

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3235

Palabras clave:

cronología glaciar, Andes Centrales áridos de Argentina y Chile, Datación de exposición de superficies mediante 10Be, reconstrucción paleoclimática

Resumen

Los Andes Centrales áridos constituyen un lugar clave para el estudio de los cambios en la dinámica e intensidad de los tres sistemas principales de circulación atmosférica presentes en Sudamérica: los vientos monzones, los vientos del oeste y el fenómeno El Niño-Oscilación del Sur. Debido a la aridez, los glaciares de esta región son particularmente sensibles a variaciones en las precipitaciones, por lo que la cronología de las glaciaciones está fuertemente controlada por el suministro de humedad. Las edades de exposición obtenidas en morrenas en un transecto comprendido entre 41° y 22° S de latitud indican avances glaciares que se sucedieron con anterioridad (unos 40 mil años BP) al Último Máximo Glacial global (gLGM) para los Andes Centrales del sur (35°-41°S) y medios (26°-30°S). Avances en fase con el gLGM aparecen documentados en los Andes Centrales del sur y del norte, y durante el período Tardiglaciar en los Andes Centrales del norte. La deglaciación fue sincrónica a lo largo de todo el transecto y coincide con el incremento de los niveles de CO₂ globales. Los avances previos al gLGM documentan un posible aumento en las precipitaciones asociado a una migración hacia el norte de los vientos del oeste, de mayor magnitud a la asumida hasta el momento. Asimismo, durante el gLGM los avances glaciares fueron favorecidos por una disminución de la temperatura que coincide con un aumento de la humedad debido a la migración hacia el sur de la Zona de Convergencia Intertropical y de los vientos monzones. La mayor disponibilidad de humedad durante el período Tardiglaciar podría explicarse por un aumento de los vientos del este en las capas altas de la tropósfera, como respuesta a una intensificación de los vientos monzones y condiciones tipo La Niña sostenidas en el tiempo sobre la zona oriental del Pacífico ecuatorial. Estas condiciones condujeron a las glaciaciones registradas en los Andes Centrales del norte en concordancia con estadios de nivel alto en los lagos del Altiplano (fase Tauca, 18-14 mil años). Los restos de morrenas conservados en los extremos sur (39°-41°S) y norte (22°S) de los Andes Centrales, y a 31°S de latitud, indican a su vez avances glaciares anteriores a 115 y 260 ka, posiblemente controlados por las precipitaciones.

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