La influencia humana, clave para entender la biogeografía de especies invasoras en el Antropoceno

B. Gallardo; L. Vila

doi:10.18172/cig.3627

Autores/as

B. Gallardo Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC) http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1552-8233
L. Vila Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3627

Palabras clave:

Vector de introducción, modelos de distribución de especies, modelos ecológicos de nicho, presión de propágulos

Resumen

Las invasiones biológicas han revolucionado el concepto de biogeografía en el Antropoceno, ya que su distribución geográfica ya no depende de su capacidad intrínseca de movimiento y las barreras biogeográficas clásicas, sino que depende directamente de actividades humanas que favorecen, intencionada o accidentalmente, su expansión. Por tanto, las técnicas de modelización geográfica han de tener en cuenta las particularidades de las especies invasoras para poder anticipar su distribución potencial en el futuro. En este estudio, utilizamos un listado de 57 de las peores especies invasoras en Europa (18 plantas, 15 vertebrados, 12 invertebrados y 12 organismos acuáticos) para comparar la influencia climática y humana en la distribución a gran escala de especies invasoras. Identificamos un total de nueve grandes vectores de introducción, entre los que destacan el transporte, el cultivo ornamental y el comercio. Localizamos siete variables relacionadas con estos vectores de introducción que utilizamos junto con variables climáticas como predictores en Modelos Ecológicos de Nicho (MEN): accesibilidad, densidad de población, PIB, grado de antropización, cobertura de uso agrícola y urbano, distancia a carreteras y puertos comerciales. La temperatura mínima anual es el predictor más importante en los modelos, seguida de la distancia a puertos, el PIB y la accesibilidad. Sorprendentemente, los modelos que incluyen variables humanas no son estadísticamente mejores que los basados en variables climáticas únicamente, si bien predicen un aumento medio del 8% en la superficie europea susceptible a la invasión. Tal incremento se produce fundamentalmente en zonas muy antropizadas donde la posibilidad de invasión es obviamente mayor. En el caso de la Península Ibérica, esto se traduce en un aumento del riesgo de invasión en la zona de levante, valle del Ebro y alrededores de grandes ciudades. Concluimos por tanto que el clima es importante, pero no suficiente para anticipar efectivamente la expansión de especies invasoras, y por tanto, cualquier información disponible que esté directamente relacionada con los vectores de introducción ha de ser incorporada de forma rutinaria en los MEN para optimizar los recursos dedicados a la prevención, respuesta rápida y control a largo plazo de especies invasoras.

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Biografía del autor/a

B. Gallardo, Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC)

Dept. Conservación de la Biodiversidad y Restauración de Ecosistemas

Grupo de Restauración Ecológica

Investigadora postdoctoral

Citas

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