Effect of tillage systems combined with plastic film mulches and fertilizers on soil physical properties in a wheat-agricultural site in southern Iraq

Ahmed Abed Gatea Al-Shammary; Nabil Raheem Lahmod; Jesús Fernández-Gálvez; Andrés Caballero-Calvo

doi:10.18172/cig.5544

Autores/as

Ahmed Abed Gatea Al-Shammary Soil Science and Water Resources Departments, College of Agriculture University of Wasit
Nabil Raheem Lahmod Field crops department, College of Agriculture University of Wasit
Jesús Fernández-Gálvez Department of Regional Geographical Analysis and Physical Geography University of Granada
Andrés Caballero-Calvo Dpto. de Análisis Geográfico Regional y Geografía Física Universidad de Granada

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.5544

Palabras clave:

Labranza convencional, porosidad del suelo, contenido de agua del suelo, estabilidad de agregados del suelo, gestión del suelo

Resumen

Este estudio investiga la influencia de tres sistemas de labranza (convencional, económico y con mantillo) cuando se combinan con diferentes aplicaciones de fertilizantes y cobertura plástica del suelo en propiedades físicas del suelo (SPP), a 0-20 cm de profundidad, en un área agrícola de trigo, durante el verano (del 1 de junio al 31 de julio de 2015). Los SPP incluyen la porosidad del suelo (Φ), el contenido volumétrico de agua del suelo 60 días después del riego a capacidad de campo (q₆₀) y el diámetro medio ponderado de los agregados (MWD). El término cultivo con mantillo se refiere aquí a una práctica de conservación en la que la superficie del suelo es alterada por la labranza, de modo que los residuos del cultivo se mezclan con el suelo y una cierta cantidad de estos residuos permanece en la superficie del suelo. El mulching se refiere a la colocación de material inorgánico sobre la superficie del suelo para protegerlo. Los tratamientos del suelo incluyeron el sistema de labranza convencional que utiliza una combinación de arado de vertedera y grada de discos (MP+DH), labranza económica que usa un cultivador rotativo (RC) y labranza de cobertura que utiliza un arado de cincel (MT+CP); mulching plástico del suelo: mulching transparente (TM), mulching negro (BM) de 200 cm de ancho con 0,05 cm de espesor, y sin mulching (WM); y fertilizantes: fertilizante orgánico compuesto (CoF), fertilizante orgánico no compuesto (NoF) y fertilizante químico (ChF). El diseño de parcelas subdivididas bajo el diseño de bloques completos al azar (RCBD) se estableció en 27 tratamientos con 3 repeticiones, para cartografiar Φ, q₆₀ y MWD en base a 81 muestras de suelo con todos los tratamientos. Los resultados mostraron que los diferentes tratamientos del suelo tienen diversos impactos en SPP. MP+DH alcanzó el mayor q₆₀ (0,22 cm³cm^-3), MWD (0,85 mm) y Φ (56,87%). Por otro lado, MT+CP obtuvo un MWD mayor de 0,98 mm y un Φ menor de 49% en comparación con otros sistemas de labranza. El mantillo del suelo modificó significativamente el SPP, con BM alcanzando el mayor Φ (55,65%), q₆₀ (0,35 cm³ cm^-3) y MWD (1,06 mm). Los resultados no indicaron diferencias significativas entre los tipos de fertilizantes en SPP. El CoF tuvo un efecto significativo en MWD y se relacionó con las características del suelo estudiadas. Estos hallazgos pueden ayudarnos a comprender los efectos individuales y combinados del sistema de labranza, el mulching y la aplicación de fertilizantes en algunas características del suelo en el cultivo del trigo. Un estudio más centrado en la influencia de las profundidades de labranza y los tipos de mulchings (mulching de plástico versus mulching orgánico para diferentes cultivos) en una variedad de suelos y condiciones climáticas, así como en las propiedades térmicas del suelo, necesitaría una investigación más profunda.

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