Remote sensing and spatial databases for investigating latent urban-rural dynamics in rural, inland districts of Southern Italy

Vito Imbrenda; Casandra Munoz-Gomez; Mariagrazia D’Emilio; Caterina Samela; Luca Salvati; Nadia Matarazzo; Maria Lanfredi; Rosa Coluzzi

doi:10.18172/cig.5806

Authors

Vito Imbrenda Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council (IMAA-CNR), c.da Santa Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy and NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, PA, Italy
Casandra Munoz-Gomez Escuela Nacional de Ciencias de la Tierra (ENCiT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Antonio Delfín Madrigal 300, C.U., Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, México
Mariagrazia D’Emilio Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council (IMAA-CNR), c.da Santa Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy
Caterina Samela Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council (IMAA-CNR), c.da Santa Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy
Luca Salvati Department of Methods and Models for Economics, Territory and Finance (MEMOTEF), Faculty of Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Via del Castro Laurenziano 9, 00161 Rome, RM, Italy
Nadia Matarazzo Department of Economic and Statistical Sciences, University “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
Maria Lanfredi Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council (IMAA-CNR), c.da Santa Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy and NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, PA, Italy
Rosa Coluzzi Institute of Methodologies for Environmental Analysis, Italian National Research Council (IMAA-CNR), c.da Santa Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy and NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, PA, Italy

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.5806

Keywords:

Rural-urban pattern, urban sprawl, inner areas, remote sensing, Corine Land Cover

Abstract

It is well-known that rural-urban patterns help to capture socioeconomic interactions between different settlement forms. The sustainability challenge requires to consider the evolution of these patterns as a reliable indicator of the dynamics of land use change and potential land degradation processes occurred in a time frame. In this research, by using multisource data (Corine Land Cover, Keyhole KH-9 and Landsat satellite images), we trace the diachronic evolution (1990-2018) of the rural-urban pattern in the provinces of Avellino and Benevento (Campania region, Southern Italy) with a specific focus on the key municipality of Ariano Irpino (1975-2018). The analysis confirms the considerable urban growth occurred in the study area, mostly in the form of urban sprawl phenomena decoupled from population growth. This happens concurrently with a transformation of the agricultural sector projected toward a greater specialization favouring agritourism activities and valuable crops (e.g., vineyards). These findings can support policy makers in future planning activities by mixing conservation, mitigation, and restoration actions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ahrens, A., Lyons, S., 2019. Changes in land cover and urban sprawl in Ireland from a comparative perspective over 1990–2012. Land 8(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8010016

Assennato, F., Smiraglia, D., Cavalli, A., Congedo, L., Giuliani, C., Riitano, N., Strollo, A., Munafò, M., 2022. The Impact of Urbanization on Land: A Biophysical-Based Assessment of Ecosystem Services Loss Supported by Remote Sensed Indicators. Land 11(2), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11020236

Bajocco, S., Dragoz, E., Gitas, I., Smiraglia, D., Salvati, L., Ricotta, C., 2015. Mapping forest fuels through vegetation phenology: The role of coarse-resolution satellite time-series. PloS one 10(3), e0119811. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0119811

Bajocco, S., Ceccarelli, T., Smiraglia, D., Salvati, L., Ricotta, C., 2016. Modeling the ecological niche of long-term land use changes: The role of biophysical factors. Ecological Indicators 60, 231-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.034

Barakat, A., Ouargaf, Z., Khellouk, R., El Jazouli, A., Touhami, F., 2019. Land use/land cover change and environmental impact assessment in béni-mellal district (Morocco) using remote sensing and gis. Earth Systems and Environment 3(1), 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-019-00088-y

Barattucci, C., 2004. Urbanizzazioni disperse. Interpretazioni e azioni in Francia e Italia 1950-2000. Roma: Officina Edizioni.

Bassano, C., Barile, S., Piciocchi, P., Spohrer, J. C., Iandolo, F., Fisk, R., 2019. Storytelling about places: Tourism marketing in the digital age. Cities 87, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.025

Bencardino M., 2015. Consumo di suolo e sprawl urbano: drivers e politiche di contrasto. Bolletino della Società Geografica Italiana 13(8), 217-237.

Bencardino, M., Valanzano, L., 2015. Una misura dello sprawl urbano nelle aree interne della Campania: i casi di Benevento, Avellino e Battipaglia. Recuperiamo Terreno. Analisi e prospettive per la gestione sostenibile della risorsa suolo, Franco Angeli, Milano, 73-88.

Bianchini, L., Egidi, G., Alhuseen, A., Sateriano, A., Cividino, S., Clemente, M., Imbrenda, V., 2021. Toward a dualistic growth? Population increase and land-use change in Rome, Italy. Land 10(7), 749. https://doi.org/10.3390/land10070749

Biasi, R., Brunori, E., Smiraglia, D., Salvati, L., 2015. Linking traditional tree-crop landscapes and agro-biodiversity in Central Italy using a database of typical and traditional products: A multiple risk assessment through a data mining analysis. Biodiversity and Conservation 24(12), 3009-3031. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-015-0994-5

Bimonte, S., Stabile, A., 2017. Land consumption and income in Italy: a case of inverted EKC. Ecological Economics 131, 36-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.08.016

Blum, W.E.H., 2005. Functions of soil for society and the environment. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 4, 75-79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-005-2236-x

Bonfiglio, A., Cuomo, V., Lanfredi, M., Macchiato, M., 2002. Interfacing NOAA/ANHRR NDVI and soil truth maps for monitoring vegetation phenology at a local scale in a heterogeneous landscape of Southern Italy. International Journal of Remote Sensing 23(20), 4181-4195. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110075811

Bonora, P., a cura di (2013). Atlante del consumo di suolo per un progetto di città metropolitana, Il caso Bologna, Bologna, Baskerville.

Bruegmann, R., 2005. Sprawl. A compact history. Chicago: University Press.

Büttner, G, Feranec J, Jaffrain G., 2002. Corine Land Cover Update 2000. Technical guidelines. Technical Report 89, European Environment Agency: Copenhagen.

Cardillo, C., Cimino, O., 2022. Small Farms in Italy: What Is Their Impact on the Sustainability of Rural Areas? Land 11, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11122142

Carlucci, C., Lucatelli S., 2013. Aree interne: un potenziale per la crescita economica del Paese. Agriregionieuropa 9(34).

Carlucci, M., Chelli, F.M., Salvati, L., 2018. Toward a new cycle: Short-term population dynamics, gentrification, and re-urbanization of Milan (Italy). Sustainability 10(9), 3014. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10093014

Cecchini, M., Zambon, I., Pontrandolfi, A., Turco, R., Colantoni, A., Mavrakis, A., Salvati, L., 2019. Urban sprawl and the ‘olive’ landscape: Sustainable land management for ‘crisis’ cities. GeoJournal 84(1), 237-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-018-9848-5

Chelleri, L., Schuetze, T., Salvati, L., 2015. Integrating resilience with urban sustainability in neglected neighborhoods: Challenges and opportunities of transitioning to decentralized water management in Mexico City. Habitat International 48, 122-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2015.03.016

Ciaravino, R., Salato, N., Chiara, S., 2021. Analisi degli scenari agricoli in Campania. Interpretazione dei territori attraverso una diversa chiave di lettura. CREA, Roma.

Cieślak, I., Biłozor, A., Szuniewicz, K., 2020. The use of the CORINE land cover (CLC) database for analyzing urban sprawl. Remote Sensing 12(2), 282. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020282

Ciommi, M., Chelli, F. M., Carlucci, M., Salvati, L., 2018. Urban growth and demographic dynamics in southern Europe: Toward a new statistical approach to regional science. Sustainability 10(8), 2765. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10082765

Ciommi, M., Chelli, F.M., Salvati, L., 2019. Integrating parametric and non-parametric multivariate analysis of urban growth and commuting patterns in a European metropolitan area. Quality & Quantity 53(2), 957-979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-018-0798-2

Coluzzi, R., Fascetti, S., Imbrenda, V., Italiano, S. S.P., Ripullone, F., Lanfredi, M., 2020. Exploring the Use of Sentinel-2 Data to Monitor Heterogeneous Effects of Contextual Drought and Heatwaves on Mediterranean Forests. Land 9, 325. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9090325

Coluzzi, R., Bianchini, L., Egidi, G., Cudlin, P., Imbrenda, V., Salvati, L., Lanfredi, M., 2022. Density matters? Settlement expansion and land degradation in Peri-urban and rural districts of Italy. Environmental impact assessment review 92, 106703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106703

Congedo, L., Marinosci, I., Ritano, N., Strollo, A., De Fioravante, P., Munafò, M., 2017. Monitoring of land consumption: An analysis of loss of natural and agricultural areas in Italy. Annali di Botanica 7, 1-9.

Cusano, A., Russo, F., Guerriero, L., Colucciello, A., Ruzza, G., Guadagno, F. M., Revellino, P., 2022. Geotourism, traditions and typical products of Avellino Province. Journal of Maps 18(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2021.2004941

D’Emilio, M., Coluzzi, R., Macchiato, M., Imbrenda, V., Ragosta, M., Sabia, S., Simoniello, T., 2018. Satellite data and soil magnetic susceptibility measurements for heavy metals monitoring: findings from Agri Valley (Southern Italy). Environmental earth sciences 77(3), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-7206-4

Di Feliciantonio, C., Salvati, L., Sarantakou, E., Rontos, K., 2018. Class diversification, economic growth and urban sprawl: Evidences from a pre-crisis European city. Quality & Quantity 52(4), 1501-1522. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0532-5

Di Gennaro, A., 2017. Il territorio rurale della Campania nelle nuove politiche regionali per l’agricoltura e il paesaggio. In: R. Del Prete, A.P. Leone, (a cura di) Paesaggi rurali. Percezione, promozione, gestione, sviluppo sostenibile, pp. 159–175. Regione Campania, Napoli.

Diaz-Pacheco, J., Gutiérrez, J., 2014. Exploring the limitations of CORINE Land Cover for monitoring urban land-use dynamics in metropolitan areas. Journal of Land Use Science 9(3), 243-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2012.761736

Duvernoy, I., Zambon, I., Sateriano, A., Salvati, L., 2018. Pictures from the other side of the fringe: Urban growth and peri-urban agriculture in a post-industrial city (Toulouse, France). Journal of Rural Studies 57, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.10.007

Dymitrow, M., Stenseke, M., 2016. Rural-Urban Blurring and the Subjectivity Within. Rural Landscapes 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.16993/rl.1

EC, 2006. Thematic strategy for soil protection. COM (2006)231 final. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium.

EC, 2016. Science for Environment Policy (2016) No net land take by 2050? Future Brief 14. Produced for the European Commission DG Environment by the Science Communication Unit, UWE, Bristol.

Fekete, A., 2020. CORONA High-Resolution Satellite and Aerial Imagery for Change Detection Assessment of Natural Hazard Risk and Urban Growth in El Alto/La Paz in Bolivia, Santiago de Chile, Yungay in Peru, Qazvin in Iran, and Mount St. Helens in the USA. Remote Sensing 12(19), 3246. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12193246

Fichera, C. R., Modica, G., Pollino, M., 2012. Land Cover classification and change-detection analysis using multi-temporal remote sensed imagery and landscape metrics. European Journal of Remote Sensing 45(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.5721/EuJRS20124501

Gallardo, M., Fernández-Portela, J., Cocero, D., Vilar, L., 2023. Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Depopulated Areas of Mediterranean Europe: A Case Study in Two Inland Provinces of Spain. Land 12(11), 1967. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12111967

Goodarzi, M., Haghtalab, N., Saeedi, I., Moore, N. J., 2019. Structural and functional improvement of urban fringe areas: toward achieving sustainable built–natural environment interactions. Environment, Development and Sustainability 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00511-4

Horion, S., Ivits, E., De Keersmaecker, W., Tagesson, T., Vogt, J., Fensholt, R., 2019. Mapping European ecosystem change types in response to land‐use change, extreme climate events, and land degradation. Land Degradation & Development 30(8), 951-963. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3282

Imbrenda, V., Coluzzi, R., Di Stefano, V., Egidi, G., Salvati, L., Samela, C., Simoniello, T., Lanfredi, M., 2022. Modeling spatio-temporal divergence in land vulnerability to desertification with local regressions. Sustainability 14(17), 10906. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141710906

Irons, J. R., Dwyer, J. L., Barsi, J. A., 2012. The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission. Remote Sensing of Environment 122, 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.026

Kosmas, C., Karamesouti, M., Kounalaki, K., Detsis, V., Vassiliou, P., Salvati, L., 2016. Land degradation and long-term changes in agro-pastoral systems: An empirical analysis of ecological resilience in Asteroussia-Crete (Greece). Catena 147, 196-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.018

Lanfredi, M., Coluzzi, R., Imbrenda, V., Macchiato, M., Simoniello, T., 2020. Analyzing Space–Time Coherence in Precipitation Seasonality across Different European Climates. Remote Sensing 12 (1), 171. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12010171

Lanfredi, M., Egidi, G., Bianchini, L., Salvati, L., 2022. One size does not fit all: A tale of polycentric development and land degradation in Italy. Ecological Economics 192, 107256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107256

Lankao, P. R., Qin, H., 2011. Conceptualizing urban vulnerability to global climate and environmental change. Current opinion in environmental sustainability 3(3), 142-149.

Marchetti, M, Marino D, Toni A, Giaccio V, Giannelli A, Mastronardi L, Vizzarri M., 2017. Consumo di suolo, dinamiche territoriali e servizi ecosistemici. Roma: ISPRA.

Marquard, E., Bartke, S., Gifreu i Font, J., Humer, A., Jonkman, A., Jürgenson, E., Marto, N., Poelmans, L., Repe, B., Rybski, R., Schröter-Schlaack, C., Sobocká, J., Sorensen, M.T., Vejchodská, E., Yiannakou, A., Bovet, J., 2020. Land Consumption and Land Take: Enhancing Conceptual Clarity for Evaluating Spatial Governance in the EU Context. Sustainability 12(19), 8269. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198269

Munafò, M., 2019. Consumo di suolo, dinamiche territoriali e servizi ecosistemici. Edizione 2019. Report SNPA 08/19.

Nickayin, S. S., Salvati, L., Coluzzi, R., Lanfredi, M., Halbac-Cotoara-Zamfir, R., Salvia, R., Quaranta, G., Alhuseen, A., Gaburova, L., 2021. What Happens in the City When Long-Term Urban Expansion and (Un) Sustainable Fringe Development Occur: The Case Study of Rome. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10(4), 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10040231

Nickayin, S. S., Coluzzi, R., Marucci, A., Bianchini, L., Salvati, L., Cudlin, P., Imbrenda, V., 2022. Desertification risk fuels spatial polarization in ‘affected’and ‘unaffected’landscapes in Italy. Scientific Reports 12(1), 747. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04638-1

Perrin, C., Nougarèdes, B., Sini, L., Branduini, P., Salvati, L., 2018. Governance changes in peri-urban farmland protection following decentralisation: A comparison between Montpellier (France) and Rome (Italy). Land Use Policy 70, 535-546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.027

Punzo, G., Castellano, R., Bruno, E., 2022. Using geographically weighted regressions to explore spatial heterogeneity of land use influencing factors in Campania (Southern Italy). Land Use Policy 112, 105853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105853

Quaranta, G., Salvia, R., Salvati, L., Paola, V. D., Coluzzi, R., Imbrenda, V., Simoniello, T., 2020. Long‐term impacts of grazing management on land degradation in a rural community of Southern Italy: Depopulation matters. Land Degradation & Development 31(16), 2379-2394. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3583

Recanatesi, F., Clemente, M., Grigoriadis, E., Ranalli, F., Zitti, M., Salvati, L., 2016. A fifty-year sustainability assessment of Italian agro-forest districts. Sustainability 8(1), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010032

Rodrigo-Comino, J., Salvia, R., Egidi, G., Salvati, L., Giménez-Morera, A., Quaranta, G., 2022. Desertification and Degradation Risks vs Poverty: A Key Topic in Mediterranean Europe. Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica 48(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.4850

Romano, B., Zullo, F., 2014. Land urbanization in Central Italy: 50 years of evolution. Journal of Land Use Science 9(2), 143-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2012.754963

Ronza, M., Lapiccirella, V., Giglio, A., 2013. Aziende agricole tra diversificazione e innovazione. Resistenze e prospettive per il Mezzogiorno. In: V. Amato (a cura di). Innovazione, impresa e competitività nel Mezzogiorno, pp. 203-216. Aracne editrice, Roma

Rouse, J. W., Haas, R. H., Schell, J. A., Deering, D. W., 1973. Monitoring the vernal advancement and retrogradation (green wave effect) of natural vegetation. Remote Sensing Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.

Sailor, D. J., 2014. Risks of summertime extreme thermal conditions in buildings as a result of climate change and exacerbation of urban heat islands. Building and Environment 78, 81-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.012

Salvati, L., 2014. Towards a Polycentric Region? The Socio‐economic Trajectory of Rome, an ‘Eternally Mediterranean’ City. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 105(3), 268-284.

Salvati, L., Zitti, M., 2007. Territorial disparities, natural resource distribution, and land degradation: a case study in southern Europe. Geojournal 70(2), 185-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-008-9124-1

Salvati, L., Zitti, M., 2009. Substitutability and weighting of ecological and economic indicators: Exploring the importance of various components of a synthetic index. Ecological Economics 68(4), 1093-1099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.07.017

Salvati, L., Petitta, M., Ceccarelli, T., Perini, L., Di Battista, F., Scarascia, M.E.V., 2008. Italy's renewable water resources as estimated on the basis of the monthly water balance. Irrigation and Drainage: The Journal of the International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage 57(5), 507-515. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.380

Salvati, L., Gemmiti, R., Perini, L., 2012. Land degradation in Mediterranean urban areas: an unexplored link with planning? Area 44(3), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4762.2012.01083.x

Salvati, L., Zitti, M., Sateriano, A., 2013. Changes in city vertical profile as an indicator of sprawl: Evidence from a Mediterranean urban region. Habitat International 38, 119-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.05.006

Salvati, L., Ciommi, M. T., Serra, P., Chelli, F. M., 2019. Exploring the spatial structure of housing prices under economic expansion and stagnation: The role of socio-demographic factors in metropolitan Rome, Italy. Land Use Policy 81, 143-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.10.030

Samela, C., Persiano, S., Bagli, S., Luzzi, V., Mazzoli, P., Humer, G., Reithofer, A., Essenfelder, A., Amadio, M., Mysiak, J., Castellarin, A, 2020. Safer_RAIN: A DEM-Based Hierarchical Filling-&-Spilling Algorithm for Pluvial Flood Hazard Assessment and Mapping across Large Urban Areas. Water, 12, 1514. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12061514

Samela, C., Imbrenda, V., Coluzzi, R., Pace, L., Simoniello, T., Lanfredi, M., 2022a. Multi-decadal assessment of soil loss in a Mediterranean region characterized by contrasting local climates. Land 11(7), 1010. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11071010

Samela, C., Coluzzi, R., Imbrenda, V., Manfreda, S., Lanfredi, M., 2022b. Satellite flood detection integrating hydrogeomorphic and spectral indices. GIScience & Remote Sensing 59(1), 1997-2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2022.2143670

Santelli, F., Ragozini, G., Vitale, M. P., 2022. Assessing the effects of local contexts on the mobility choices of university students in Campania region in Italy. Genus 78(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-021-00144-4

Simoniello, T., Coluzzi, R., Imbrenda, V., Lanfredi, M., 2015. Land cover changes and forest landscape evolution (1985–2009) in a typical Mediterranean agroforestry system (high Agri Valley). Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 15(6), 1201-1214. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-1201-2015

Song, D. X., Huang, C., Sexton, J. O., Channan, S., Feng, M., Townshend, J. R., 2015. Use of Landsat and Corona data for mapping forest cover change from the mid-1960s to 2000s: Case studies from the Eastern United States and Central Brazil. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 103, 81-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.09.005

Stratoulias, D., Kabadayı, M. E., 2020. Feature and information extraction for regions of Southeast Europe from Corona satellite images acquired in 1968. In Eighth International Conference on Remote Sensing and Geoinformation of the Environment (RSCy2020) (Vol. 11524, p. 115241R). International Society for Optics and Photonics.

Tas, H. I., Lightfoot, D. R., 2005. Gecekondu Settlements in Turkey: Rural-Urban Migration in the Developing European Periphery. Journal of Geography 104(6), 263-271.

Telesca, L., Coluzzi R., Lasaponara R., 2009. Urban Pattern Morphology Time Variation in Southern Italy by Using Landsat Imagery. In: B. Murgante, G. Borruso, A. Lapucci (eds) Geocomputation and Urban Planning. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol 176. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89930-3_12

UN, 2015. Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, A/RES/70/1, United Nations.

Van Noorloos, F., Klaufus, C., Steel, G., 2018. Land in urban debates: Unpacking the grab–development dichotomy. Urban Studies 56(5), 855-867. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018789019

Van Vliet, J., Birch-Thomsen, T., Gallardo, M., Hemerijckx, L.M., Hersperger, A.M., Li, M., Tumwesigye, S., Twongyirwe, R., van Rompaey, A., 2020. Bridging the rural-urban dichotomy in land use science. Journal of Land Use Science 15(5), 585-591. https://doi.org/10.1080/1747423X.2020.1829120

Wang, X., Shi, R., Zhou, Y., 2020. Dynamics of urban sprawl and sustainable development in China. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 70, 100736. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2019.100736

Yu, L., Lyu, Y., Chen, C., Choguill, C. L., 2021. Environmental deterioration in rapid urbanisation: evidence from assessment of ecosystem service value in Wujiang, Suzhou (2021). Environment, Development and Sustainability 23, 331–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00582-3

Zambon, I., Colantoni, A., Carlucci, M., Morrow, N., Sateriano, A., Salvati, L., 2017. Land quality, sustainable development and environmental degradation in agricultural districts: A computational approach based on entropy indexes. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 64, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2017.01.003

Zambon, I., Benedetti, A., Ferrara, C., Salvati, L., 2018. Soil matters? A multivariate analysis of socioeconomic constraints to urban expansion in Mediterranean Europe. Ecological Economics 146, 173-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.10.015

Zasada, I., Loibl, W., Berges, R., Steinnocher, K., Köstl, M., Piorr, A., Werner, A., 2013. Rural–urban regions: A spatial approach to define urban–rural relationships in Europe. In Peri-urban futures: Scenarios and models for land use change in Europe, pp. 45-68, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

Zhou, T., Kennedy, E., Koomen, E., van Leeuwen, E. S., 2020. Valuing the effect of land use change on landscape services on the urban–rural fringe. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 63(13), 2425-2445. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2020.1726732