Recuperación de la vegetación posincendio y separabilidad espectral en ecosistemas de sabana amazónica mediante series temporales de teledetección y mediciones de carga de combustibles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.6889Palabras clave:
áreas quemadas, Landsat, Sentinel 2, sabanas tropicalesResumen
El monitoreo y la comprensión de las respuestas de la vegetación al fuego en los ecosistemas de sabana amazónica siguen siendo un desafío científico muy importante para mejorar las prácticas de manejo del paisaje en estas áreas. En este sentido, el presente estudio analiza la dinámica de la separabilidad espectral, así como el proceso de recuperación posincendio de la vegetación, en relación con experimentos de fuego realizados en ecosistemas de sabana abierta del Parque Nacional Campos Amazônicos (Brasil). Para este propósito, se procesó y analizó un conjunto de datos armonizado de Landsat y Sentinel-2. También se generaron series temporales del Índice de Vegetación de Diferencia Normalizada (NDVI) y del Índice Normalizado de Quema 2 (NBR2) a partir de este mismo conjunto de datos para el período 2019–2023, evaluándose en combinación con mediciones in situ de carga de combustibles finos. Se calcularon M-Statistics y diferencia absoluta media comparando datos de parcelas quemadas y no quemadas, considerando diferentes tratamientos de estacionalidad del fuego (fuegos de inicio de estación seca – EDS; fuegos de mitad de estación seca – MDS) y tiempo desde el último incendio (combustible de 2 años; combustible de 3 años; y fuegos con combustible de 10 años o más). El uso combinado de Sentinel-2 y Landsat resultó en una disponibilidad de imágenes libres o parcialmente libres de nubes ≈0,6 veces mayor que la obtenida al usar únicamente imágenes de Landsat. El potencial del NBR2 se destacó, generando valores estadísticamente significativos de diferencia absoluta media al comparar incendios EDS y MDS, así como al comparar áreas con combustible de 2 años frente a las de 3 años o de 10 años o más. La información satelital y de campo coincidió en la detección de una rápida respuesta de la vegetación al fuego en estos ecosistemas, demostrando que las condiciones similares a las observadas antes del incendio se alcanzaron después de tres estaciones lluviosas. Los resultados refuerzan el potencial de los conjuntos de datos armonizados de teledetección Landsat y Sentinel-2 para evaluar y monitorear áreas afectadas por incendios en los ecosistemas de sabana amazónica, aportando significado ecológico y estableciendo conexiones entre los datos de teledetección y los de campo.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Daniel Borini Alves, Antonio Laffayete Pires da Silveira, Bruno Contursi Cambraia, José Falcão Sobrinho, Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, Fernando Pérez-Cabello
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Fundação Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
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