El uso de análisis estadístico multivariante y de índices de calidad del suelo como herramientas que deben incluirse en los planes de gestión regional. El caso de la llanura de Mashhad, Irán
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.3640Palabras clave:
propiedades del suelo, indicadores de calidad del suelo, agricultura irrigada, área semiárida, degradación del territorio, plan de gestión regional, llanura de Mashhad, IránResumen
Muchos métodos permiten modelizar la realidad para tratar de explicar la formación y evolución del suelo. Sin embargo, a una escala suelo y a diferentes profundidades, no existe una gran cantidad de estudios que también mencionen los indicadores de calidad para ser incluidos en la ordenación del territorio. Por lo tanto, los principales objetivos de esta investigación son: i) evaluar las diferencias entre propiedades del suelo (tamaño de partículas, punto de saturación, densidad aparente, materia orgánica, pH y conductividad eléctrica) a diferentes profundidades (0-30 cm y 30-60 cm); ii) su posible correlación estadística con indicadores de calidad de suelo (capacidad de intercambio catiónico, N total, Olsen-P, K disponible, Na intercambiable, carbonato cálcico equivalente, Fe, Mn, Zn y Cu); y, iii) elaborar un índice de calidad del suelo con su respectivo mapa para cada capa estudiada. Para alcanzar dicho objetivo, 48 muestras fueron recogidas y analizadas en el laboratorio, comparadas con diferentes métodos estadísticos (ANOVA, correlación de Spearman y análisis de componentes principales) y utilizadas para la creación de un índice de calidad del suelo en una cuenca de un ambiente semiárido al Noreste de Irán, caracterizada por una agricultura por irrigación y documentados procesos de degradación. Las principales conclusiones alcanzadas fueron: i) la materia orgánica y la densidad aparente fueron diferentes para cada profundidad; ii) el carbonato cálcico y el contenido en arenas estaba altamente correlacionado con la materia orgánica y la densidad aparente; iii) el contenido en materia orgánica mostró la mejor correlación con los indicadores de calidad del suelo; iv) el tamaño de las partículas del suelo condicionó la capacidad de intercambio catiónico; y, v) los metales pesados como el Mn y el Cu estuvieron fuertemente correlacionados con el carbono orgánico debido, posiblemente, a las malas prácticas agrícolas. Basados en el análisis de comunalidad del índice de calidad del suelo, para ambas profundidades, la capacidad de intercambio catiónico, Mn, Zn y Cu obtuvieron los mayores pesos, coincidiendo con su importancia dentro del análisis multivariante realizado anteriormente. Por el contrario, el Na intercambiable, CaCo3 y el Fe obtuvieron los valores más bajos. N, P y K alcanzaron valores intermedios. En general el mapa de calidad del suelo mostró valores menores en el horizonte sub-superficial que en la capa superficial.
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