Tipos de tiempo como factor clave en el inicio de la escorrentía y el arranque de sedimentos en matorrales mediterráneos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18172/cig.5506Palabras clave:
Precipitación, Erosión del suelo, Gestión de tierras, Ecosistemas afectados por el hombre, Temas regionalesResumen
En esta investigación, los tipos de tiempo (CWT, por sus siglas en inglés) asociados con datos de presión de superficie individuales a diferentes alturas atmosféricas se utilizaron para correlacionar y cuantificar los eventos de erosión del suelo que corresponden a la pérdida de suelo (g m-2), la escorrentía (l m-2) y la concentración de sedimentos (g L-1) utilizando parcelas de erosión y colectores. Se utilizó como estudio de caso una zona de matorral mediterráneo representativo, ubicado en la Sierra de Enguera (este de España), donde se registraron 213 eventos de precipitación y eventos relacionados de pérdida de suelo durante el período 2010-2014. Se registró una precipitación media anual promedio de 544 mm, sumando un total de 2.720,1 mm para los cinco años de investigación. El 34,4% de los eventos de precipitación registrados varió de 10 a 29,9 mm, el 23,5% de 30 a 49,9 mm y el 15,9% de 50 a 99,9 mm. Se encontró que la baja presión dinámica con frentes (DLp+f) generó la mayor cantidad de precipitación alcanzando el 60,6% de la precipitación total (105 de los 213 eventos). Más de un tercio (35%) de los eventos de precipitación ocurrieron durante el CWT del Este, lo que representó el 48% de la precipitación total con valores promedio de 17,6 mm por evento. Del total de la escorrentía, el 65,6% estuvo relacionado con el CWT combinado de gotas frías y tiempos del este (CD). Se encontró que el DLp+f producía el 48,9% de la movilización de sedimentos, de los cuales el 73,5% de esta cantidad fue generada por el CWT del Este. El evento de mayor concentración de sedimentos se encontró para el tipo de tiempo del Sur con baja presión térmica (TLp) alcanzando 51,65 g L-1, seguido por A (anticiclones) del Este (42,23 g L-1). En su conjunto, el sur es el CWT que genera la mayor concentración promedio de sedimentos (28,66 g L-1), seguido del Este. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que los CWT contribuyen a prever los períodos con mayores pérdidas de suelo y pueden ayudar a prevenirlos. Discutimos la necesidad de analizar los cambios en las tasas de erosión del suelo debido a cada tipo de tiempo para caracterizar mejor el proceso de erosión del suelo y evaluar las tasas de erosión del suelo, mejorar los modelos actuales e investigar cómo el cambio climático está cambiando el papel que juega los CWT en el inicio de la escorrentía y en la entrega de sedimentos.
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